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Which tonicity is optimal for animal cells and why?
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- An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites in laboratory rodents. What is known to be one mportant reason for this effect?You have two solutions that are isosmotic to each other and to a cell. However, when testing for tonicity, one of these solutions is hypotonic and one is isotonic. Briefly explain how this is possible.Name and define (briefly) the four different types of receptors involved in Cellsignaling. Give an example of a ligand and specific type of receptor (where would you find the receptor?) for one of the receptors defined.
- What is Anchorage Dependence? Describe the different Cell Junctions in Animal cells. What is the only Cell Junction in Plant cells? Why do Plant cells only have one type of Cell Junction? Explain Cell-Cell signaling involving Signal Transduction and G-Proteins.Some cytoplasmic kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate substrates at the expense of ATP, bind to voltage-dependent anion channels. What might the advantage of this binding be?Why do cells that are not electricallyactive contain voltage-gated ionchannels?
- How do cells respond to tiny gradients of molecules in their environment, as required for knowing their positions?Cascading effect occurs when a signal is receive by the receptor ( " turned on" ) but how do cells turns off a signal?The membrane potential in animal cells, but not in plants, depends largely on resting K+ channels. How do these channels contribute to the resting membrane potential? Why are these channels considered to be nongated channels? How do these channels achieve selectivity for K+ versus Na+, which is smaller than K+?
- Molecule X is a soluble protein that is secreted in response to extracellular signal Y. Which sorting signal must molecule X have?Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion Dimerization of transmembrane receptors can facilitate: ALL OF THESE signal transduction NONE OF THESE cross-phosphorylation tyrosine kinase recruitmentAn analog of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, will permeate cellular membranes, is only slowly degraded by a rod cell’s PDE activity, and is as effective as cGMP in opening the gated channel in the cell’s outer segment. If you suspended rod cells in a buffer containing a relatively high [8-Br-cGMP], then illuminatedthe cells while measuring their membrane potential, what would you observe?