Q: What advantages do monoclonal antibodies have compared topolyclonal antibodies? How are mAbs…
A: Introduction Antibodies: Anti means “Against”; body here refer to antigens hence antibodies are the…
Q: Why specifically is IgM produced upon the primary immune response while IgG is produced upon the…
A: Antibodies protect against immunogens that invade the cells. Antibodies are of five types. That are…
Q: What are chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) ?
A: The patient with impairment or dysfunction of the immune cells is aided clinically by a process…
Q: What is the purpose of anti-human IgG antibodies in immunological testing?
A: Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains with two antigen binding sites - two γ-class heavy…
Q: Describe the steps for immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching from IgM to IgG. Are the events…
A: Immunoglobulin class switching, also known as isotype switching, isotypic commutation, or…
Q: What class of antibodies is normally found in the mucosa of the respiratory tract? a. IG-A b. IG-D…
A: Antibodies are proteins produced and secreted by B cells. They bind to foreign substances, like…
Q: What are three roles played by the Fc domain of an antibody?
A: Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four…
Q: What is the significance of a rise in titer of specific antibodies in serum samples taken at…
A: Antibodies or immunoglobulins are the Y-shaped molecules that are responsible for binding to the…
Q: why is MALT considered strategically placed?
A: MALT stands for Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue. The solitary lymph nodules and aggregated…
Q: Describe the reason as to why inducing plasma cells to secrete IgG instead of IgE prevents type |…
A: A biological system called the immune system is in charge of identifying and eliminating foreign…
Q: What is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)?
A: Immunity is a state of resistance of an organism to invading biotic or abiotic pathogens and their…
Q: Would a denatured antigen be expected to have the same epitopes as its native (undenatured)…
A: An epitope is a small part in antigen. This portion of antigen is recognized by antibody. They may…
Q: What are the types of Immunomodulator agents? Please explain each of them? Please answer at your…
A: Immunomodulators are substances that operate on the pathways that control the immune system's…
Q: What are the attributes of immunoglobulins produced by multiple myeloma. Do they help the immune…
A:
Q: Which of the enzymatic fragments are able to bind antigen?
A: BASIC INFORMATION IMMUNE SYSTEM It defends our body from the foreign particles which can cause…
Q: True or False: Plasma B cells secrete antibodies into the bloodstream?
A: Plasma B Cells, also known as Plasma cells are a differentiated white blood cells which are capable…
Q: Which of the IgG subclasses is most efficient at activating complement?
A: Immunoglobulins, otherwise called antibodies, are glycoprotein particles created by plasma cells.…
Q: What is the point to labeling a secondary antibody with a marker that can be visualized instead of…
A: Introduction: The antibodies are used to detect certain antigens in a technique called ELISA. In…
Q: What is the other pathway of antigen processing? What is the advantage of having two distinct…
A: Antigen processing, also known as the cytosolic pathway, is an immune mechanism which prepares…
Q: Why is that antigen-antibody complexes are visible in aggregated clumps, and yet red blood cells are…
A: Agglutination is characterized as the development of clumps of cells or inactive particles by…
Q: Is the antigenic determinant reducing or non-reducing? reducing non-reducing both…
A: Monosaccharides are linked together by chemical bonds to form these Glycan chain-like structures.…
Q: How does a single MHC protein present many differentpeptides to T cells?
A: To identify foreign substance or infectious agents a group of cell surface proteins plays vital role…
Q: What is the connection between B and T cells to build an effective immune response to SARS-Cov2?
A: The immune system comprises wide range of immune cells that functions together to protect the body…
Q: What is the difference in the kinetics of antibody formation in response to a first and second…
A: The immune response is a reaction that occurs in an organism to protect against foreign substances.…
Q: Why does antibody titer rise after infection? Is ahigh antibody titer indicative of an ongoing…
A: Antibody titer basically refers to the amount of antibody produced by the organisms. This value is…
Q: Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains,…
A:
Q: What are the types of hypersensitivity? Explain with an example.
A: Hypersensitivity is caused due to an exaggerated action of the immune system against a foreign agent…
Q: Clonal selection therefore requires a mechanism for producing a great diversity of antibodies. How…
A: When the body encounters an antigen, the immune system actively produces a protein called…
Q: Identify two immunological diagnostic techniques that rely on a secondary antibody, and explain how…
A: Serology is the scientific study of blood serum and other bodily fluids. In practical immunological…
Q: What are antigenic determininants? What is their role, and how do they function?
A: An antigen is a substance that is regarded as foreign by our immune system. The antigen induces our…
Q: What is the function of Fab and Fc region on an antibody?
A: Given: What is the function of Fab and Fc region on an antibody?
Q: Why does an inactivated vaccine induce only a humoral response, whereas an attenuated vaccine…
A: The immune system in the body act as a defense system. It fights against disease and infection. The…
Q: How does having this additional information make the vaccine more effective?
A: Gene splicing mechanism is known as a post-translational modification. In this form of modification,…
Q: Why are the genes that encode these antigens so variable?
A: Immunity can be defined as the presence of different components involved in different mechanisms for…
Q: labeled secondary
A: Antibodies are the proteins (immunoglobins) produced by B-Lymphocytes. There are two groups of…
Q: What are main actions of cyclosporine of one of the most selective immunosuppressive agents?
A: Immunosuppressant drugs will inhibit cellular or humoral and or both of the immune responses and it…
Q: How can the anamnestic response be explained in immunologic terms?
A: The immune system of the human body is divided into innate immunity and the adaptive immunity.…
Q: In influenza virus, what is antigenic shift and how does it occur?
A: Influenza is a common viral infection that is caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,…
Q: Why are immunosuppressed individuals given antifungal agents?
A: 'Immunocompromised' refers to a weak immune system that is not functioning properly.
Q: What are the benefits and costs of antibody cross reactivity?
A: Although the antigen-antibody response is very specific, antibodies can occasionally cross react…
Q: Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains,…
A: Introduction: Antibodies are the antigen binding proteins present on the B-cell membrane and…
Q: How could immunoglobulin cross-reactivity between foreign antigens and host cell antigens result in…
A: Introduction Immunoglobulins are antibodies produced naturally by the immune system of the body that…
Why is IgM particularly effective at cross-linking antigens?
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