You performed an experiment where you want to introduce a new gene into bacteria using the pGLO molecule. You prepared your positive and negative controls with the appropriate reagents so that you could compare your experimental plate. What type of plate is B (what ingredients are plate B)?
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- You mix two auxotrophic strains of bacteria; one is leu+ trp+ his– met– and the other is leu– trp– his+ met+. After mixing the two strains, you plate the bacteria on minimal medium and observe a few prototrophic colonies (leu+ trp+ his+ met+). To determine whether gene transfer has occurred through conjugation, transformation, or transduction, you design an experiment in which you place filters between the two strains to see if gene transfer occurs. You set up three treatments:-Treatment A No filter, allowing contact between the bacterial strains-Treatment B Filter that blocks cells, but allows viruses and DNA through the filter-Treatment C Filter that blocks cells and viruses, but allows DNA through the filter When you check the results of your experiment, you find prototrophic colonies have occurred following treatments A and B, but not following treatment C. You conclude that gene transfer occurred through... Answer Choices Available: A) Conjugation B) Transformation C)…Using bacteriophage P22, you performed a threefactor cross in Salmonella typhimurium. The crosswas between an Arg− Leu− His− recipient bacteriumand bacteriophage P22, which was grown on an Arg+Leu+ and His+ strain. You selected for 1000 Arg+transductants and tested them on several selective media by replica plating. You obtained the followingresults:Arg+ Leu− His− 585Arg+ Leu− His+ 300Arg+ Leu+ His+ 114Arg+ Leu+ His− 1a. What are the cotransduction frequencies of argwith either his or leu?b. Is arg closer to his than it is to leu, or is arg closerto leu than it is to his? What are the relative mapdistances?c. Why can you not obtain an accurate cotransductionfrequency for his and leu from the data provided?d. What is the order of the three markers?e. Draw the crossovers that would produce the classwith only one transductant.f. Estimate the proportion of the 4.9 Mb S. typhimuriumgenome that contains these three genes. Assume thatbacteriophage P22 can package the same amountof DNA as the…The Kishony performed a simple but elegant experiment using a “mega-plate.” Which of the following is a fair conclusion that can be drawn from this study? The majority of antibiotic resistance occurs via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between Actinobacteria Sensitive bacteria may acquire resistance to high concentrations of the antibiotic through many mutations Bacteria will gradually lose resistance to an antibiotic if you plate them on a large enough plate Bacteria will migrate via chemotaxis away from recombinant phage used in phage therapy
- A bacterial transformation is performed with a donor strain that is resistant to four drugs, A, B, C, and D, and a recipient strain that is sensitive to all four drugs. The resulting recipient cell population is divided and plated onmedia containing various combinations of the drugs. The following table shows the results.a. One of the genes is distant from the other three, which appear to be closely linked. Which is the distant gene? b. What is the likely order of the three closely linked genesIn a transformation experiment, donor DNA was obtained from aprototroph bacterial strain (a+b+c+), and the recipient was a tripleauxotroph (a-b-c-). What general conclusions can you draw aboutthe linkage relationships among the three genes from the followingtransformant classes that were recovered? a+ b- c- 180 a- b+ c- 150 a+ b+ c- 210 a- b- c+ 179 a+ b- c+ 2 a- b+ c+ 1 a+ b+ c+ 3Which of the following is a sequence at which a restriction enzyme would cut? A) 5'AAGCAA3' B) 5'AAGCTT3' C) 5'ACAACA3' D) 5'AGAGAG3' E) 5'AGCCGT3' F) 5'AATTAAC3'
- In your laboratory, you have an F − strain of E. coli that is resistant to streptomycin and is unable to metabolize lactose, but it can metabolize glucose. Therefore, this strain can grow on media that contain glucose and streptomycin, but it cannot grow on media containing only lactose. A researcher has sent you two E. coli strains in two separate tubes. One strain, let’s call it strain A, has an F factor that carries the genes that are required for lactose metabolism. On its chromosome, it also has the genes that are required for glucose metabolism. However, it is sensitive to streptomycin. This strain can grow on media containing lactose or glucose, but it cannot grow if streptomycin is added to the media. The second strain, let’s call it strain B, is an F − strain. On its chromosome, it has thegenes that are required for lactose and glucose metabolism. StrainB is also sensitive to streptomycin. Unfortunately, when strains A and B were sent to you, the labels had fallen off the…E. coli cells are simultaneously infected with two strains of phage λ. One strain has a mutant host range, is temperature sensitive, and produces clear plaques (genotype h st c); another strain carries the wildtype alleles (genotype h+ st+ c+). Progeny phages are collected from the lysed cells and are plated on bacteria. The following numbers of different progeny phages are obtained: Progeny phage genotype Number of plaques h+ c+ st+ 321 h c st 338 h+ c st 26 h c+ st+ 30 h+ c st+ 106 h c+ st 110 h+ c+ st 5 h c st+ 6 a. Determine the order of the three genes on the phage chromosome. b. Determine the map distances between the genes. c. Determine the coefficient of coincidence and the interferenceA researcher sequenced a portion of a bacterial gene and obtainedthe following sequence, beginning with the start codon, which isunderlined:ATG CCG GAT TAC CCG GTC CCA AAC AAA ATG ATCGGC CGC CGA ATC TAT CCCThe bacterial strain that contained this gene has been maintainedin the laboratory and grown serially for many generations. Recently,another person working in the laboratory isolated DNA from thebacterial strain and sequenced the same region. The followingresults were obtained:ATG CCG GAT TAT CCG GTC CCA AAT AAA ATG ATCGGC CGC CGA ATC TAC CCCExplain why the differences in the sequences may have occurred.
- Imagine that you are a student in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s lab in the late 1940s. You are given five test tubes containing E. Coli bacteria infected with T2 bacteriophages that have been labeled with either 32P or 35S. Unfortunately, you forget to mark the tubes and are now uncertain about which tubes is which. You performed their blender experiment and got the following results. Which tube out of these 5 contains E. Coli infected with 32P-labeled phage? Explain your answer.Austin Taylor and Edward Adelberg isolated some new strains of Hfr cells that they then used to map several genes in Escherichia coli by using interrupted conjugation. In one experiment, the researchers mixed cells of Hfr strain AB‑312, which were xyl+ mtl+ mal+ met+ and sensitive to phage T6, with F− strain AB‑531, which was xyl− mtl− mal− met− and resistant to phage T6. The cells were allowed to undergo conjugation. At regular intervals, the researchers removed a sample of cells and interrupted conjugation by killing the Hfr cells with phage T6. The F− cells, which were resistant to phage T6, survived and were then tested for the presence of genes transferred from the Hfr strain. The results of this experiment are shown in the graph. On the basis of these data, give the order of the xyl, mtl, mal, and met genes on the bacterial chromosome and the minimum distances between them in minutes. The origin of transfer is represented by the red triangle. The distances between genes are not…In a transformation experiment involving a recipientbacterial strain of genotype a- b-, the following resultswere obtained. What can you conclude about the locationof the a and b genes relative to each other? Transformants (%)Transforming DNA a+ b- a-b+ a+b+a+b- 3.1 1.2 0.04a+b- and a-b+ 2.4 1.4 0.03