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- Deficiencies of the components of Complexes I, III, and IV tend to have severe physiological consequences, however, defi ciencies of Complex II components tend to have mild effects. Explain.What biochemical reaction is catalyzed by γ-secretase? Why was it proposed that a chemical inhibitor of this activity might be a useful drug for treating Alzheimer’s disease? What possible side effects of such a drug would complicate this use?BPC is a heterotropic allosteric modulator. in which way does this compound change the uptake and release of oxygen in hemoglobin?
- Define Phospholipase C : IP3-DAG pathway,with diagram?When Hedgehog binds to Patched, this not only activates the signaling pathway but alsoactivates the receptor-mediated endocytosis of Patched, so there is less Patched on the plasmamembrane to inhibit Smoothened. a. Outline the steps of receptor-mediated endocytosis, including the roles for each proteininvolved. Hint: if your answer does not include the protein dynamin, you are notproviding enough detail. b. What will happen to Patched after it enters the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis?Assume that Patched is not recycled back to the plasma membrane.What enzyme(s) control the total levels of cGMP in a cell? Is guanylyl cyclase one of the enzymes?
- What other product is generated by phosphoglycerate kinase?Ouabain is a specific inhibitor of the active transport of sodium ions out of the cell and is therefore a valuable tool in studies of membrane transport mechanisms. Which of the following processes in your own body would you expect to be sensitive to inhibition by ouabain? Explain your answer in each case. a) Facilitated diffusion of glucose into a muscle cell b) Active transport of dietary phenylalanine across the intestinal mucosa c) Uptake of potassium ions by red blood cells d) Active uptake of lactose by the bacteria in your intestineA scientist notices that a cancer cell line shows high levels of phosphorylated ERK in the absence of EGF. What are two possible explanations for the increase in phosphorylated ERK? Be specific in which proteins are involved.
- Under certain conditions, cytochrome c can trigger apoptosis, or programmed cell death, by activating cytosolic proteins known as caspases (a) Why doesn’t cytochrome c trigger apoptosis in healthy cells? (b) What must happen in order for cytochrome c to activate the caspases?Lithium ion, which is used to treat bipolar disorder, interferes with the phosphoinositide signaling pathway by inhibiting enzymes such as inositol monophosphatase and inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase. Predict the eff ect of Li+ on the supply of cellular inositol, a precursor of phosphatidylinositol and PIP2.A study is conducted to assess the molecular mechanisms of hormone X. A radioactively labeled form of this hormone is incubated with human cells in tissue culture for 30 minutes, and then incubated briefly with a cross-linking agent. The plasma membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear fractions are isolated from the cell lysate, and the subcellular proteins are separated from these fractions by gel electrophoresis. The only protein bound to the labeled hormone is identified in the new clear fraction. Hormone X is most likely which of the following? Epinephrine Glucagon Growth hormone Insulin Thyroxine