Biomarker

In 1984 the criteria for diagnosing Alzheimer’s was developed by the Alzheimer’s Association. These three levels of diagnostic certainty were: Possible, Probable, and Definitive. In the Possible AD level, symptoms were not typical, but other disorders were ruled out. For example, it could be diagnosed if the patient had another illness, as well as with symptoms of dementia. The next level is Probable AD. In this level of criteria, the diagnostic evaluation excludes other causes of diagnostic decline

Bio-nanomechanical Detection of Diabetic Marker HbA1c Introduction-: In the blood stream are the red blood cells, which are made of a molecule, haemoglobin. Glucose sticks to the haemoglobin to make a 'glycosylated haemoglobin' molecule, called haemoglobin A1C or HbA1C. The more glucose in the blood, the more haemoglobin A1C or HbA1C will be present in the blood. Red cells live for 8 - 12 weeks before they are replaced. By measuring the HbA1C it can tell us how high our blood glucose

performing studies to understand each of the facing factors that influence cutoffs for statistical and tested information. The article Titled, “A Review of Cutoffs for Nutritional Biomarkers”, discusses these cutoffs more in depth through defining what a cutoff is a how to classify or when to use a cutoff. A cutoff for a biomarker is, “specified quantitative measure used to demarcate

and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA (III)). Both become further oxidized to monomethylarsonic acid (MMA (V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA (V)): predominant metabolites in urine (Aphosian and Aphosian, 2006).There are different biomarkers for assessing the genotoxicity. Biomarkers of effects are the quantifiable changes that an individual endures, which indicates an exposure to a compound and may indicate a resulting health effect. Genotoxicity endpoints are followed directly in exposed humans. The most

for the liver [19] and cost associated with patented tests [5]; they are well validated [20], they have good reproducibility and can be done in outpatient clinics [21]. In this study, we did the first validation for Hepa-Index (a relatively new biomarkers panel for assessment of hepatic fibrosis) against liver biopsy in chronic hepatitis C. Hepa-Index showed good sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, for predicting significant hepatic fibrosis, severe hepatic fibrosis

To screen for diseases is an important procedure if results of screening reduces mortality rate of disease. To screen for a disease such as PCa, using methods like the PSA test pre-clinically is considered to have some benefits indicating problems early alongside biopsy (rokar Dasgupta, 2012). However, the 71year old man shows no evidence that BPH leads to PCa. Until 2008 Doctors recommended men aged 50 and above for yearly PSA screening. There are certain requirements for efficacy of screening;

Intelligence refers to the ability to obtain information and apply skills and consists of different functions, memory, reasoning, logic; these are all controlled by different areas of the brain. Alzheimer’s Disease inhibits short term memory first, before it continually moves throughout the brain, eventually affecting part of the brain that controls involuntary functions. With this in mind someone with MCI would not be able to make clear judgments and recall memory stored in long term memory. The

has Kappa values of 0.6 for interobserver and intraobserver agreement.7, 8 Due to the growing concern about NAFLD, there is an urgent need for safer, less expensive, and more accurate imaging biomarkers of a NASH diagnosis and longitudinal follow-up. Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Elastography imaging biomarkers for NASH. The translation of basic research into improved therapeutics and management of NAFLD patients is still poor. This is partly because the foundations of hepatology were built upon histologic

In the last 100 years there were major challenges in the field of mental health in regards to a lack of international consensus on diagnostic categories for mental disorders between the most used manuals the (ICD) international classification of diseases and (DSM) diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders which are still elusive until now and still struggle to fulfil its purpose (Hickie, Scott & McGorry, 2013) as both of them depends on observation of mainly middle-aged people with

diseases such as: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. (Ref) The protein Tau has been linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. (Ref) There is research supporting the use of biomarkers to detect concussion in children