Bronchodilator

eosinophilic based whereas CF is more neutrophilic24. When approached as two distinctly different aetiology, makes the mechanism of bronchodilators in CF questionable, however this will not inhibit its use as long as it can demonstrate improvement either in physiological testing or patient stated outcomes such their quality of life questionnaire had been approved than bronchodilators will continue to be

• To avoid further relapse in lung function, and to relieve symptoms • To increase management of daily performances and quality of life. • The treatment plans include; • Quitting cigarette smoking, • Taking medications to dilate airways bronchodilators and decrease airway inflammation • Vaccinating against flu influenza and pneumonia • Regular oxygen supplementation, and pulmonary rehabilitation. (Choi, Chung, & Han, 2014). Diagnostic Studies It is applicable to obtain arterial blood gases

Short-acting bronchodilator as needed • Stage II (moderate obstruction): Short-acting bronchodilator as needed; long-acting bronchodilator(s); cardiopulmonary rehabilitation • Stage III (severe obstruction): Short-acting bronchodilator as needed; long-acting bronchodilator(s); cardiopulmonary rehabilitation; inhaled glucocorticoids if repeated exacerbations • Stage IV (very severe obstruction or moderate obstruction with evidence of chronic respiratory failure): Short-acting bronchodilator as needed;

physicians. Its survey instrument was developed using the Cabana guideline adherence framework. Adherence to GOLD recommendations was assessed by frequency of ordering spirometry when suspecting COPD and frequency of recommending the use of an inhaled bronchodilator daily for a patient with COPD and mild exertional dyspnea. The survey further investigated physician’s familiarity, agreement, outcome expectancy and self-efficacy in implementing the two guideline recommendations of interest. In assessing barriers

disease may be controlled with inhaled short-acting bronchodilator alone. These short acting agents include There are two categories of antiasthma drugs: bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory agents. Bronchodilators reverse the bronchospasm of the immediate phase. While anti-inflammatory agents inhibit or prevent the inflammatory components of both phases. These two categories are not mutually exclusive: some drugs classified as bronchodilators also have some anti-inflammatory effect. The first step

Medications used are corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and leukotrienes. Corticosteroids are used to suppress the inflammatory process in the airways of asthmatics. This medication stops the regulation of pathways that are involved in the cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Corticosteroids work

“Bronchitis” is an inflammation that affects the lungs, “broncho” meaning lungs, “itis” meaning inflammation of an organ. Bronchitis comes in two types, Acute and Chronic bronchitis. Acute Bronchitis is an infection that also occurs to the bronchial tubes, which gets swollen. It is usually caused by a virus however, lasts for about 2 to 3 weeks. This commonly happens after someone had a cold or flu. It only happens for a short period of time. Chronic bronchitis is the inflammation of the lungs that

use of inhaled long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled steroids separately and in combination, but newer studies have assessed these drugs singly and in combination over longer periods of time. Bronchodilators (relievers) Short-acting beta2 agonists (SABA) Beta2 agonists act directly on bronchial smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation. They are the most widely used bronchodilators for COPD. Short-acting beta2 agonists are the most commonly used short-acting bronchodilators in COPD. EXAMPLES: Salbutamol

and mast cell stabilizers will be discussed. Sympathomimetics drugs imitate the effect of the sympathetics nervous system in which dilates the bronchi to increase rate and depth of respiration. The therapeutic action of this drugs used as bronchodilators. “That means that at therapeutic levels their actions are specific to the beta2-receptors

Diagnostic Tests The physical signs and symptoms of COPD and CHF may coexist, and it will be hard for the physician to determine which causing the shortness of breath to patient X. The history of progressive shortness of breath can help with the diagnosis and since patient X has history of previous hospitalization of COPD, it is given that its mainly the cause. Chest x-ray shows hyperinflation of the lungs which is indicative of COPD. Blood tests like complete blood count and biochemistry results