Embryology

Embryology, according to yourdictionary.com, is the branch of biology and medicine that studies embryos and how they develop. By studying embryology medical professionals will learn the causes of birth defects. They will have a better understanding on how the human body reproduces and the process it goes through to produce other individuals. Embryology has not been fully discovered and analyzed. There could be much more scientists could find. They might just be scratching the surface on a much deeper

Introduction The placenta is an essential organ known for synthesising growth factors and angiogenic factors for its own growth and fetal development throughout gestation. The placenta is made up of two morphologically and functionally distinct zonal layers, the junctional (JZ) and labyrinth zone (LZ). The JZ is made up of trophohoblasts and maternal blood vessels but no fetal vessel, and is the major site for the production of hormones (Choi et al. 2005). The LZ on the other hand is too made up

A study conducted on Wistar rats at two time points in late gestation investigating the impact of gestational age and gender on fetal and placental weight. This study demonstrated that fetal and placental weight increased significantly between days 16 and 21 of gestation whereas gender showed minimal effect on growth. Introduction Fetal development during pregnancy is predominantly related to the placenta and its function in fetal-maternal exchange (Ishikawa et al. 2006). Alterations in the interactions

segmented occipital arch, which exhibits similarly to that of a vertebral column present in vertebrates having both a neural and hemal arch (3). The little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, is a chondrichthyan that is a key model organism for chondrichthyan embryology studies. As an oviparous species, after internal fertilization its development is independent of its mother, encapsulated in a laid, moderately thin keratinized egg case during embryonic development. These embryos receive nourishment via a yolk

Although there are many factors that affect the development of the fetus, research on the specific effects of prenatal maternal stress and the resulting negative outcomes for the development of the fetus will be reviewed. While there is knowledge of these harmful effects in scientific and medical communities, researchers are still in the midst of discovering the results of these negative effects on human development. An overall review of the literature suggests that this topic is still relatively

Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease (SCD) is calamitous defect of the red blood cells (RBC’s) resulting in an impairment if he circulatory system, damaging tissue, causing dangerous anemia, deadly infections, and infarctions (Redshaw, & Martin, 2013). SCD patients live two to three decades less than their healthy peers, affecting up to one-hundred-thousand American’s, with the vast majority of African descent, and a small fraction of Hispanic, Asian Indian, Middle Eastern and Southern European

To demonstrate, the evidence for evolution with embryology, Jerry Coyne uses branchial arches, and the newly discovered phenomena called lanugo. To begin with, by comparing the embryos of fish with that of a human, scientist, have discovered how similar the embryos start out, but overtime their developmental process change to their specific species. In the fish, gills are developed, and in the human part of the head and middle ear. In a word, the discovery of that humans are covered with hair during

After fertilization (in the fallopian tube), the zygote transforms into a group of cells that multiply rapidly. Then it moves towards the uterus, develops into a blastocyst, attaches into the uterine wall and differentiate into three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), that will give a beginning to all tissues and organs. The embryo forms embryonic membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion and allantois), which help to protect the embryo. The placenta begins to develop (from embryos chorion and

Throughout the animal kingdom, an incredible variety of embryonic types exist, but most patterns of embryogenesis are variations on five themes: 1. Immediately following fertilization, cleavage occurs. Cleavage is a series of extremely rapid mitotic divisions wherein the enormous volume of zygote cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller cells. These cells are called blastomeres, and by the end of cleavage, they generally form a sphere known as a blastula. 2. After the rate of mitotic division

During the course of the past thirty years, the study of model organisms has become more significant in the study of embryological development. A model organism is a species that is easy to cultivate and monitor in a laboratory environment and is used to represent broad groups of organisms. Examples of successful and important model organisms include the Ascidia, Zebrafish, and Medeka species. Through intense researching of these organisms, scientists have been able to gain valuable insight into