Immune system

Autoimmune diseases pertain to the immune system, and the body’s immune system will treat natural parts of the body such as organs or tissues as pathogens and will actively break them down. Multiple Sclerosis specifically is considered an immune mediated process, not a true autoimmune disease. This is due to the fact that a proper immune response to a pathogen is occurring, however the specific antigen that the immune response is targeting has not yet been determined. Multiple Sclerosis mainly affects

The human immune system is a complex defence mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens. Our innate immunity provides humans with a thorough degree of protection, but epidemics are still common throughout the world. To give an example of scale, over 14 million people die annually from vaccine-preventable diseases. In New Zealand a majority of diseases have been eradicated, but some such as whooping cough and pneumococcal are still present. To reduce and stabilize the amount of cases

Muhammad Rafi Professor Chuck Fink Biology 4100 10 March, 15 Interleukin 6 Interleukin 6 is a type of protein that plays a role in immune system by its multifunctional acts of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory response. It is produced by T-cells and macrophages. Interleukin 6 is encoded by “IL-6” gene in humans. IL-6 is type of myokine that stimulates immune response during infection and after trauma. IL-6 works by binding to two cell surface receptors, IL-6Ra (low-affinity specific) and gp130

pressure on the population of bacteria. These pathogens have responded to the host’s immune system with the tactic of multiphasic antigenic variation, whereby a clonal population of the bacteria has a repertoire of three or more immunodominant antigens (in the form of variable membrane lipoproteins) that they can display during the course of infection (Craig & Scherf, 2003). In fact, antigenic variation is the best-known immune evasion strategy of relapsing fever Borrelia species (Grosskinsky et al., 2009)

are becoming more noted among the population due to the unstable immune system. Technologies had been combined with studies to defect human immune systems in America. Cancer, fungal infections diseases are caused by an inability to manufacture enough immune responses to induce healthy blood circulation. People with infections have an issue with their immune defense system such as T-cytotoxic cells or T-helper cells. Their immune system cannot control the amount of bacteria infection or viruses, leading

Question Set A: 1. When we experience stress, how is the endocrine system activated? How does it become deactivated? The stress response involved the HPA-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. First, the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal gland then secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase heart rate. The pituitary gland produces hormones that tell the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol, which is involved with the release of stored energy. The negative

Science Assessment Question 1 The slice of apple enters the mouth, which is the first component of the digestive tract. Inside, the teeth break the apple down into smaller pieces through chewing, which is a form of physical digestion. The tongue moves it around in our mouth, and the salivary glands produce saliva which mixes with the apple to begin the breaking-down process, which is called chemical digestion. The enzyme in the saliva, called amylase, begins breaking down starch from the apple into

MS starts when the body’s immune system gradually destroy its myelin sheath, made up of the cells enclosing and protecting the central nervous system, that is, the spinal cord, nerves, and brain. The nerves are exposed, out in the open when the myelin sheath is destroyed and absent to protect the CNS, causing the brain to have trouble conducting impulses to the parts of the body. Some common symptoms of multiple sclerosis are light-headedness, memory loss or other memory problems, change in emotions

Vaccines are used to train the immune system to fight of the natural forms of diseases or toxins. Today, there are seven different types of commonly used vaccines. These vaccines are live, inactivated, subunit, toxoid, conjugate, DNA, or recombinant vector vaccines. Each type of vaccine is used for different diseases and different purposes. They each have specific makeups and properties that make them different from one another. Live vaccines contain a version of the living microbe that has been

Mannose-binding lectin is an important component of the innate immune system. MBL is originally synthesized in the liver, circulates throughout the body and has the ability to identify a broad range of pathogens based on recognition of carbohydrate repeats displayed on microbial surfaces . 3.4.1 Discovery of mannose binding lectin In 1968, a case of an infant with plasma-dependant defect in phagocytosis of yeast particles was described. The cause was related to a deficiency in a plasma factor rather