Portfolio theory

Modern Portfolio Theory Modern portfolio theory is an investment theory based on that investors can construct portfolio to maximize return which based on a given level of market risk, emphasizing that risk is an essential part of higher return. Modern portfolio theory is one of the most significant economic theory dealing with finance and investment, which was published by Harry Markowitz in his paper “Portfolio Selection” in 1952 by Journal of Finance (Shipway, 2009). According to Shipway (2009)

PORTFOLIO THEORY Let us begin our discussion on Portfolio Theory with an example of two investments (assets or securities) – Ace and Bravo. Their return expectations are given in the table below. You will notice that both Ace and Bravo are risky investments because they do not offer a certain return. You can begin by comparing the expected return and risk of Ace and Bravo: State of Probability Return Economy of occurrence Ace Bravo Boom 0.2 +20 -15 Growth 0.6 +5 +5

between interest rates and exchange rates in full, it will be useful to briefly discuss some of the important theories of exchange rate determination. There are many theories such as the theory of Purchasing Power Purchase Agreement (PPP), the Flexible Price Monetary Model (FPM), Sticky Price Monetary Model (SPM), Real Interest Rate Differential Model (RIRD), and Portfolio Balance Theory (PBT) of exchange rate determination. The PPP to maintain equality between domestic and foreign prices are based

risk although it seems strong it is supported empirically. The construction of symmetric portfolio shares has being analysed extensively in the literature and goes back to the ``no trade" result of cite{Duffie1996}. Intuitively, the marginal value of income is independent of individual wealth and in consequence every consumer, unable to extract information from idiosyncratic state, will choose the same portfolio share. For a recursive equilibrium to exist, it entails that each agent lives in autarky

บทสรุปผู้บริหาร จากกรณีศึกษา John ต้องทำการตัดสินใจว่า ในพอร์ตการลงทุนที่เขาบริหารจัดการอยู่นั้น ควรซื้อหุ้น PioneerGypsumหรือGlobal Miningในสัดส่วนเท่าไหร่ จึงจะสามารถได้ผลตอบแทนที่สูงบนพื้นฐานความเสี่ยงที่เหมาะสม ซึ่งแต่เดิม John ไม่ได้ทำการกระจายการลงทุน (Diversified) โดยทำการวิเคราะห์จากการคำนวณหา Expected Return, Risk Premium และคำนวณ Standard Deviationเพื่อนำไปคำนวณหา Sharpe Ratio ที่มีอัตราส่วนที่สูงที่สุด ซึ่งอธิบายถึงผลตอบแทนที่ถูกปรับด้วยความเสี่ยง ที่ดีที่สุด เมื่อได้ทำการวิเคราะห์และคำนวณ

Mathematics and Real Economics Although economics is about human interaction, economic theory is typically expressed using mathematics. Mathematics is an advanced language tool used for providing clarity, precision and correctness for economic concepts. As humans interact, mathematics is a method employed to communicate ideas clearly, provide evidence, and a method for expressing arguments. Although mathematics can be misleading, mathematics aspires to establish true and valid statements while exploring

them to the conclusion that the market value of a firm is independent of its capital structure. In an efficient market, the market will place the same value on firms with equal earnings power and equal risk. Their most innovative contribution to the theory of finance was in elevating arbitrage to the level of a driving force. This Law of One Price states, “two assets with identical attributes should sell for the same price… a profitable opportunity will arise to sell the asset where it is overpriced

which investments classes will perform the best. By diversifying assets that are uncorrelated with one another an investor can reduce risk and create an investment mix that will provide an increased advantage for high returns. Time Horizon How a portfolio is diversified depends on an investor’s risk aversion, investment goals and life cycle or time horizon. Accordingly, if an individual is in the accumulation life cycle phase they have a longer time horizon and can diversify their assets in riskier

have finished to complete their portfolios), operational and transaction costs (payment of intermediaries’ services, staff, information services, taxes, etc.) are insignificant, the investor has the ability to receive and grant loans on the same risk-free rate, and so on. Nevertheless, the idea that the market portfolio is probably close to an effective portfolio, initiated a passive portfolio management. This strategy means that when the investor prepares the portfolio, determining the expected return

market risk and purchasing power risk Business risk and financial risk Protection Can be eliminated through hedging, asset allocation and diversification Can be eliminated through portfolio diversification •