Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction Healthcare is an ever-evolving field. The debate over whether contact isolation precautions for patients who have either a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection or a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) infection is one of the most recent inquiries that healthcare facilities are currently focused on. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) – infections patients can get while receiving medical treatment in a healthcare facility, are a major, yet often preventable

and to survive in the presence of them (“About” par. 1). This is what causes antibiotics to be ineffective towards some bacterial infections. When a bacteria is exposed to the same antibiotic regularly, that bacteria mutates to become antibiotic resistant. Bacteria have many mechanisms of resistance. For instance, bacteria can achieve resistance by changing the chemical structure of their cell walls, pumping the antibiotic out of their cell via pumps, and acquiring enzymes that inactivate antibiotics

osteomyelitis which is severe inflammation of bones. Staphylococcal sepsis in people has a mortality rate of over 80% (Stoppler). Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus is not as easy as most people believe either. You will hear people saying to wash your hands frequently to keep the bacteria off, but this only somewhat helps prevention. People actually always have staphylococcus bacteria living on and in their bodies. Staph just needs a chance to enter into a wound to infect someone which is why you should always

penicillin resistant S. aureus originated from individuals in the community that carry the deadly bacterium on their bodies without showing any signs of illness. Another case would be the fact they might have passed it onto surfaces or other people. The methicillin resistance lags behind penicillin resistance since it was only identified in the 1970's within hospitals wherein they named this methicillin-resistant form of the bacterium commonly or MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) as

to structural changes, with some even being multi-resistant, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) (Williams 2014). Types of antibiotics Antibiotics were produced in the late 1940s, with 1950s-1970s being the golden age for discovery of antibiotics and overall, antibiotics are classed into 17 groups, with penicillin and vancomycin being two different classes of antibiotics (Zuchora-Walske

Theory of evolution “Evolution can be defined as any change in the heritable traits within a population across generations”. (what is evolution, stated clearly YouTube, 2016). Every living creature can reproduce making another copy of themselves with small variations. The variation can consist of characteristics Like the passing down of fur colour in mice or the development of the length in cane toad’s legs. When these changes occur to their offspring’s, evolution has taken place. Whilst

Brief History of S. aureus Infections S. aureus Infections: A Growing Problem Humans are a natural reservoir of S. aureus. Thirty to fifty percent of healthy adults are colonized, with ten to twenty percent persistently colonized (Lowy, 1998). In particular, S. aureus isolates of concern to the medical community are methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains, which are also persistent colonizers. Increased risk factors for S. aureus infection are persistent colonization, patients

infections caused by bacterial agents such as Staphylococcus aureus are resistant to penicillin, and of those, 50% are resistant to stronger drugs. Human actions that have aided and accelerated the process of evolution regarding bacterial resistance to antibiotics include the misuse of antibiotics by health professionals (more than 40 million of antibiotic prescriptions in 2011 were unnecessary), poor drug quality, unhygienic conditions enhancing the spread of resistant bacteria (mostly in developing nations)

Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Streptococcus is considered as a leading cause of many diseases. They are considered different due to their morphology. The Staphylococci and Streptococci acquires a round, spherical cell shape. On the other hand, the arrangement of cells is considered different for both the organisms. For instance, Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive, cluster-forming cocci and a nonsporeforming facultative anaerobe which is found in grape like structures. Enterococcus is also

selected ethanolic herbal extracts and cow urine distillate. In this study antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of pepper (P), turmeric (T), zinger (Z), drumstick (D) and Cow urine distillate (CUD) were tested against ATCC strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and E-coli by cup plate diffusion method. Results showed that the test samples did not show any antimicrobial activity alone. However in combination with drug showed significant