A Comparison of Tuberculosis Control Between Australia and Vietnam

Tuberculosis has long been a disease that the human culture has been dealing with which entails significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. With dealing with such a horrific disease over the years, discoveries and evolution on the appropriate ways to contain, diagnose, and challengingly treat the disease has changed. One of the most concerning complications of this worldwide public health issue is the ability for it to quickly spread in high populated areas while becoming ever more resistant to forms of treatment not available in all locations around the world. This is a serious public

While tuberculosis was never completely eliminated, there was a significant drop in cases and death rates, as a result of the BCG vaccine and new anti-tubercular drugs in the 1950’s.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects one third of the world's population. The most infected areas are developing counties or third worlds countries such as Africa, India, Pakistan, and East Timor.

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

Tuberculosis (TB), which is brought on by contamination with an individual from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is a noteworthy reason for incapacity and passing in numerous parts of the world. The frequency (recently reported cases) of tuberculosis in Louisiana is near the normal occurrence in the United States. . In 2013, Louisiana: Ranked eleventh among the 50 states in TB rates (3 for each 100,000 people) and 22.3% of TB cases were foreign-born people (CDC, 2015). As in the U.S., frequency has diminished

Canada has had many events where tuberculosis was having an outbreak in 1924 through 1948, but since then it has been decreasing. We have dealt with this problem back in 2012 where an outbreak of tuberculosis infected 8% of the individuals in the extremely small Northern Quebec community of Kangiqsualujjuaq. After the outbreak The Public Health Agency of Canada is running over to discover the origin of the outburst its spread. Officials are also bringing up more additional resources to the place, such as a mobile x-ray machine. Tuberculosis is a disease caused by bacteria that travel from person to person. A person who is infected with tuberculosis, but does not show any symptoms at all may have dormant tuberculosis and can still transmit

According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis (TB) is the number two killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent (WHO, 2017). In 2015, 10.4 million new cases have been identified and 1.8 million people have died from this disease (WHO, 2017). TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium TB, and the majority of TB deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. This disease is curable and preventable, but the lack of access to proper healthcare and medication administration makes it a concern for the most of the world’s population. TB is an airborne disease that can transmit when an infected person coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks. The majority of TB cases can be cured when the right medications are available and

Communicable Disease Paper Tuberculosis  Communicable diseases rely on fluid exchange, contaminated substance, or close contact to travel from an infected carrier to a healthy individual. Many people have never heard of a disease called tuberculosis (TB) or not fully aware how serious this disease really is. I will briefly summarize the research that was conducted on tuberculosis by describing the disease in details and discussing efforts to control it, indentify environmental factors related to tuberculosis, and explain the influence of lifestyles, socioeconomic status, as well as disease management. I will also briefly describe what public health departments are doing to reduce the threat, and include data, evidence, and plan to

270). 1978 had the lowest recorded number of tuberculosis cases of 1,307. The cases continued to increase until 1992 with a peak number of cases at 3,811. According to the scientists this resurgence of tuberculosis was due to many factors that include factors such as increased homelessness, poverty, drug use, and immigration from areas with high tuberculosis rates (Sticof, DiFerdinando, Osten, & Novick, 1998, p. 270). It is interesting that as tuberculosis was in decline prior to the 1980s when it is thought healthcare was not as good as today’s healthcare. This is an example of how when all the factors occur at the same time a disease could spring up at any time.

In the United States, the incidence rate per year is less than 4 per a population of 100,000. In other countries such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia the incidence rate is much greater, a few hundred per 100,000. This disease is a very important concern for travelers from the US who travel to places where they might have prolonged exposure to tuberculosis. These travelers or people who plan to spend time in healthcare facilities, correctional facilities, or homeless shelters should receive a 2-step TB skin test. If a person is infected with TB they are encouraged to not travel by commercial airplanes for the risk of spreading the infection. (LoBue, 2015) Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries around the globe. Even though there was a declining trend of this disease after the discovery of chemotherapy in the 1940s, this was not the case for developing countries. Tuberculosis was the first infectious disease to be declared a global health emergency by the World Health Organization. Asia and Arica constitute for 86% of the cases in 2007, when they were 9.27 million incident cases of tuberculosis, 13.7 million prevalent cases, 1.32 million death due to tuberculosis in people who were HIV-negative, and 0.45 million deaths in people who were HIV-positive. There are 22 high-burden countries and Bangladesh is ranked number 6. The implementation of directly observed therapy short course (DOTS) was a breakthrough for a way to control TB. It actually covered the whole country of Bangladesh, after being started in 1993. Tuberculosis is also associated with the poorest parts of communities and the highest rates of TB are actually because of poverty. Conditions like, overcrowding in schools, poor nutrition, overcrowded living conditions, as well as poor hygiene habits are likely to

Over 95% of all TB cases and 98% of its deaths occur in middle and lower countries. These high numbers are caused by poor public health systems, high poverty levels and rapidly growing HIV/AIDS incidents in this region (Sulis et al., 2014)..

Tuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection. Around 40% of people who have active TB disease have the infection in another part of their body. It can affect several organs of the human body, including the lymph glands, brain, spine, kidneys, or other organ, but it predominately establishes itself in the lungs where it is called Pulmonary TB. Researchers have calculated that in 2012, 8.6 million people fell ill with TB and 1.3 million died from TB. “Tuberculosis is second only to HIV as the greatest killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent”. HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of tuberculosis cases around the world. Overall, one-third of the world's population is currently infected with the TB bacillus.

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).

India, the second most populous country with over 1.31 billion people, has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, accounting for 20% of the global incidence of TB, and an even higher share of global incidence of multi–drug resistant (MDR) TB. With an estimated 2 million new cases of TB and 5, 00,000 TB-related deaths in India annually, those who got diagnosed with different forms of DR-TB were 35,385 cases but only 20,753 people started on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment in 2013. The National Tuberculosis Program was launched in 1962, but suffered heavily continuing TB led mortality. Acknowledging this reality, a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 1997, however even today it does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.