Introduction Did you know there is more of a link between cervical cancer and HPV than smoking and lung cancer? Cervical cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of death from cancer in women. Along with those statistics, human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease amongst men and women worldwide. The prevalence of women having a strain of HPV that ultimately leads to or increases the chance of cervical cancer is highly relatable. What is pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, prevention, and treatments of this ailment? You might ask will be covered in the next few pages of this paper.
Pathophysiology
There are several strains of the human papillomavirus the
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Human papilloma virus will cause almost all cases of cervical cancer, and therefore is the highest risk factor. There are many factors that will determine if HPV will lead to cervical cancer, HPV directly affects and transforms either or both the deepest layer of the mucous epithelial cells and more superficial layers. Targeting the receptors found in the layers of the stratified squamous epithelium. This is where the virus will proliferate into more differentiated cells to spawn offspring virus. The virus replication is what causes the skin characteristics of a wart. With the help of a pap smear, we are able to investigate if cervical epithelial cells are healthy and normal or determine which point in dysplasia they are at in transforming to cancerous cells. The HPV virus does not need a host to survive, and can survive in low and high temperatures. The different stages of the squamous intraepithelial lesion can include low- grade, high-grade risk types of HPV, at this point HPV can spontaneously go away on its own and shows no signs of concern to the patient. If a biopsy is done and is showing dysplasia the physician can then rate the Cervical intraepithelial neoplasm is common among young women and can be divided and graded
Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Human papillomavirus (HPV) infects roughly 20 million individuals in the United States with 6.1 million new cases each year. There is no cure for HPV, only treatment for associated health problems. There are more than 30 strains of HPV that affect more than half of sexually active individuals in their lifetime. Public health risks involve several types of HPV leading to precancerous lesions and causing 70% of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer, the second most common cancer, affects many women globally. In the United States, nearly 10,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer annually and 3,700 of those women die. It has been reported by American Cancer Society that with early
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancerous death, in women, since 1950. Approximately 200,000 cervical cancer patients die each year in developing countries. Strains like HPV 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer in women– one of the top causes of death in the world (WebMD, 2010, p.1). In the Unites States, about 10,000 women acquire the disease and 3,700 die annually Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is directly associated as a cause of cervical cancer. This virus affects the skin and genital area and, in some cases, it can also infect the throat and mouth. Since the HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin or sexual contact, sexually active people are more prone to this virus. Merck
According to the National Cancer Institute, not all human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cancer. There are two types of categories; the low risk and high risk human papillomaviruses. If one contracts a high risk HPVs, they have a chance of developing cancer. High risk HPVs can lead to cervical cancer, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, vaginal cancers, vulvar cancers, and penile cancers (1). The National Cancer Institute states that HPVs account for causing 5% of cancers and Nathan Seppa proclaims “that the two cancer-causing virus subtypes... HPV-16 and HPV-18, account for more than half of cervical cancers” (1 and 2). This demonstrates the overall impact HPV has on causing cancer.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a double -stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that only infects humans with an attraction to both cutaneous and mucosal surfaces such as the cervix, anus, tonsil, and oropharynx (Clark, 2013). HPV is a type of oncogenic virus that goes into the cells and can cause several diseases. Over the years, research has surfaced connecting genital HPV to several types of cancer. There are over a hundred strains of HPV but the most high risk strains, 16 and 18, have been shown to cause vulvar, vaginal, anal, and the most concerning, cervical cancer (Chan, Ng, & Wong, 2012). Genital HPV
HPV or human papillomavirus is what mostly causes cervical cancer. Its also caused by severe abnormal changes in the cells cervix. There is a transformation zone where precancerous and cancerous cell changes occur in the cervix. This happens because these cells undergo constant change. During this change some cervical cells become abnormal if you happen to be infected with high-risk types of HPV. Some other things that can also lead to cervical cancer would be if you have more than one sex partner or smoking cigarettes.
Often times these HPV infection goes away over the course of one or two years due to elimination of the infected cells by the body’s immune system, making it hard to know when or from whom a person got the virus. However, sometimes these infected cells are not destroyed, and a persistent infection results and grows, developing mutations in genes, leading to the formation of warts and cancers (“HPV and Cancer”). The term “papilloma” actually refers to warts that results from some HPV types (“Information About the Human Papillomavirus”). HPV is the most common cause of genital and common warts (“HPV Infection”). Genital warts appear as small, flat, cauliflower-like bumps mostly on the vulva for women and penis and scrotum or around the anus for men. (Ibid.) These genital warts rarely cause discomfort or pain, though they may itch (Ibid.). Common warts usually occurs on hands, fingers or elbows with rough, raised bumps (Ibid.). The majority of common warts are unsightly, but they can be also painful and lead to injury or bleeding (Ibid.). Often, warts are confused with other skin problem that are not sexually transmitted and since they are contagious, it is easy to spread it by contact with a wart or with something that touched the wart (Ibid.). Small number of infection with high-risk HPV can cause cancers such as cervical, oropharyngeal, anal or other rarer cancers, and amongst these types of cancers, cervical cancer is the most frequently appeared cancer (Ibid.). HPV is a well-established cause of cervical cancer. About 12,000 women in the US get cervical cancer each year and nearly all of those cases are associated with HPV (Ibid.). Many people have misunderstanding of the relationship between warts and cancer, however, warts are not cancerous and cancers are caused by different HPV
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. HPV belong to a family of viruses that cause cell changes in the epithelia resulting in benign skin lesions called warts and verrucae. Type 6 and 11 cause warts and are included under the low risk HPVs,Types 16,18,31,33,45 cause cervical cancer and are included under high risk HPVs(CDC,2014). The virus affects the skin and mucous membrane especially of the reproductive organs. Cervical Cancer and other Ano-genital cancers are seen in women with persistent genital HPV infection. HPV that affects the skin can be transmitted by skin to skin contact with an affected person and Genital HPV is spread through Kissing and Oral
There are several strains of the human papillomavirus the highest risk strains for cervical cancer are HPV 16 and 18 those strains cause 70 percent of cervical cancer along with a few other high-risk strains. There are low-risk strains that cause things such as common warts, which are seen on the skin, or genital warts seen on the mucous membranes. For the purpose of this paper, we will only be covering strains that can lead to cervical cancer. Transmission of HPV is fairly easy which may be why it is so prominent in our society today. HPV is transmitted primarily by sexual activity but can also occur due to prolonged exposure to things like skin-to-skin interaction, or wear of clothing that has been chronically exposed to the virus. It is
The human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, is considered necessary for the development of cervical cancer condition. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for the vast majority of cervical cancers. Therefore, HPV infection is more likely to be in women who start having sex at an early age and have multiple sexual partners or a partner who has had many sexual partners. This is because their behaviour is more likely to be exposed to HPV. However, a woman with only one partner can get HPV if partner has already been in contact with the virus (Public Health England, 2013).
Human Papillomavirus is a broad term used to describe over one hundred and fifty related viruses. The Human Papillomavirus, better known as HPV is named for the warts (papillomas) that become present on the skin of an HPV victim. HPV is transmitted via intamainte skin-to-skin contact. Each year a small number of cases of HPV go unknown because no symptoms are present or the body fights away the virus. Other cases that do not go away commonly are expressed in genital warts and cancers. Some cancers commonly developed from HPV are cervical, vaginal, anus, back of the throat, tonsil and tongue cancers (What). In recent years researchers,
HPV causes cancer in the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, penis, and throat, but usually the most common type of cancer is cervical cancer. These cancers are caused by untreated abnormal cells that don’t leave the body. Cigarette smoking has been also one of the highest risk factors that correlates to having cancer while having HPV.
Currently, cervical cancer remains one of the most preventable causes of cancer deaths. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in 2014 12,578 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer and 4,115 died of cervical cancer (CDC, 2014). HPV, or the Human Papilloma Virus has been found to be the cause of cervical cancer in women. The Papanicolau test, or Pap test has been around for decades and it is the test where cervical cytology is examined for any change in the cells of the cervix that may lead to cancer. Early detection of cervical dysplasia or cervical cancer has prevented cervical cancer deaths. Currently, high-risk HPV
There are many risk factors that may lead up to a woman developing cervical cancer. The most common risk factor is the Human Papilloma virus (HPV). Doctors have discovered that cervical cancer does not develop without HPV present. Smoking is almost always a risk factor in the development of cancerous cells. For women that smoke, tobacco by-products can be found in their cervical mucus. The by-products also cause damage to DNA of the cervix cells Which in turn cause the immune system to break down
HPV is also known to cause cancer. It is common for a woman who has the HPV virus to develop cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is very serious and it is very hard to treat. Most women who have this cancer do not find out until it is advanced because symptoms do not show up until the later stages (CDC). The rate of survival for cervical cancer varies based on the stage it is in. Once the cancer has metastasized then the rate of survival is less than 17 percent (NCI). Cancer may also develop in other areas of the genitals as