Introduction
In 2011 there have been 49,900 women and 350 men that have been diagnosed with breast cancer within the United Kingdom (Cancer Research UK 2014). Individuals who are undergoing investigation for suspected breast disease can be referred for breast care services with symptoms or are recalled from the breast screening programme. The National Health Service Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) was introduced in 1988 which was due to the proposition of the Forrest Report that had been published two years prior (1986).
This essay will attempt to discuss the theoretical principals of population screening as well as the importance of diagnostic breast care services, with the influence of a multi-disciplinary team.
Theoretical
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The age range 50-69 is where mortality rate reduction was seen at its greatest. The main evidence used in favour for breast screening and Forrest report came from the studies and randomised control trials conducted in Sweden.
On the contrary Gotsche & Olsen (2000) disputed the findings of the Swedish randomised trials, claiming screening for breast cancer is unjustifiable, as there is inconsistency within the randomisation of the trial, as two of these trials found no effect of screening on mortality. A meta analysis was conducted by Gotsche & Olsen on the Swedish Trials results. This meta analysis found that ‘for every 1000 women screened biennially throughout 12 years one breast cancer death is avoided, whereas the total number of deaths is increased by six’. Other studies that were conducted in New York, Canada and Edinburgh had also been criticised on the methods of randomisation and validity.
The Forrest report stated that there must be a clinical examiner, radiologist and a pathologist within a multidisciplinary team to ensure that there is expert knowledge available in each health profession. Breast Services should all have breast surgeons, nurses, radiographers, pathologists, radiologists, oncologists, breast care services manager and clerical staff, this is what is recommended by the NICE 2002 for the successful running of the unit. The use of mammography is the first line of diagnostic investigation for women in the NHSBSP, Forrest
This poster urges the importance of getting examined early so the risk of breast cancer greatly diminishes.
There are several confusing topics for women when it comes to their breast health such as how often they should be screened with a mammogram, what age to start getting their mammograms, or how often they should have a mammogram. One of the newer discussions that has emerged recently is if women should be told that they have dense breast tissue. Several states have even moved a step further and are mandating that women be told this information. I believe that the states should go beyond this when passing the law and require insurance companies to pay for supplemental testing of these women who fall into this category and have additional risk factors.
Nurse Practitioner Veneta Masson, author of “Why I don’t Get Mammograms” argues the topic of how routine mammograms don’t save lives. Masson being a health care professional has been well educated on maintaining optimum health and preventing disease. Though she may have the knowledge and awareness, she however uses faulty generalizations as to why she does not receive annual mammogram
In the article, Identifying Women with Dense Breasts at High Risk for Interval Cancer, it explains how that there are twenty-one states that passed a law on how women are to notified if they have dense breast and that they also need to be able to discuss supplemental imaging with their doctor. The doctors want to have direct discussions of supplemental imaging by determining which combinations of breast cancer risk and Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System are associated with breast density categories because of the fact that interval cancer rates are so high. By having high density risk can really be scaring, but it also can cause mask tumors and decrease the sensitivity of a mammography which is not good at all. In the twenty-one states that passed the law are the only
Another limitation is that many of the articles did not report outcomes separately for the average women and those who are high risk leaving room for estimates to be biased. Quantitative estimates of outcomes were based from a relatively simple approach which could cause over or underestimation of mortality reduction. In conclusion, this study found that breast cancer screenings are associated with a 20% reduction in mortality rates among women of any age at average risk.
Early detection of breast cancer requires early diagnosis of women with breast cancer symptoms, and in addition can include more intensive breast cancer screening in women without recognized cancer symptoms. When properly collected and documented in hospital-based, regional or national cancer registries,
Cancer screening plays a vital role in detecting the disease early and preventing it from spreading. The purpose of screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. It is very important to enlighten populations at risk the significance of early cancer screening. People should have clear, understandable and correct knowledge of these tests which will help them to make informed decisions about their health care. The purpose of this paper is to observe the Every Woman Matters Program, reasons of its ineffectiveness in meeting its goals, review two evidence based cancer screening advocacy programs and the strategies to create more effective screening program as a nurse leader.
Breast cancer has a negative impact on American society as it has changed the lives of family members, friends, and loved ones through the devastating hardships. In 2013 approximately 232, 340 new cases of breast cancer were found. If the numbers of cases stay the same in a ten year span roughly 2,500,000 people will be diagnosed, unless something is done to prevent or stop this world phenomenon (Targeted Therapy for Breast Cancer Prevention). There is no set date when breast cancer started to impact people; however, today it has been proven to be the number one form of cancer. Breast cancer is predominantly found in women of all ages but it is not limited to women, men are also diagnosed with this type of cancer. Breast cancer has a severe impact on two hundred thousand people per year, leading to the development of hundreds of organizations, that conduct many studies every day to find a cure; Susan G. Komen and Relay for Life are the leaders in the field.
Highlights from the 2016 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Conference (NCCN) indicated there was agreement on the efficacy of film mammography screening (Bevers, Bibbins-Domengo, & Oeffinger, 2016). However, The American Cancer Society (ACS) and the NCCN disagreed on two items: when to begin screening (40, 45, or 50 years of age) and frequency of screening, annual versus biennial (Bevers, Bibbins-Domengo, & Oeffinger, 2016). The NCCN recommends annual screening to begin at 40 years of age after counseling for risks and benefits. Regarding reliability and validity, the USPSTF formulated its’ current recommendations based on eight randomized controlled trails and over 200 observational trials. The NCCN argues that the studies used by the USPTF were done in the 1970s and 1980s using single view scans and older techniques. The NCCN further argued that when studying real world observations using current state-of-the art mammography equipment, and adjusting for confounders, the mortality reduction is closer the 35% in certain populations, as opposed to, the 18% mortality rate cited by the USPSTF (Bevers, Bibbins-Domengo, & Oeffinger, 2016). With regards to benefits, the NCCN argued that women screened are less likely to be diagnosed with advance stage breast cancer, and
In today’s society many women are not getting their mammograms done because they feel like they are not necessary or because they are scared of the results of the mammograms. Since women do not get their mammograms done they are more exposed to breast cancer. According to the National Cancer Institute, women who get mammograms reduce about “15% to 20% in mortality from breast cancer” (“National Cancer Institute” 1). If women would get their mammograms the rate number increase and there will be less deaths in women.
Medical screening and testing continues to grow and advance every day. These various advances allow us to detect harmful effects on the body such as cancer, much sooner because it allows us to regularly check patients as a precaution. Some screenings are not mandatory; however, having the screening done is very beneficial in detecting early stages of cancer. One of the most common screening among women is mammograms. Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in U.S. women. Early detection is associated with increased survival and annual routine mammogram screening has until recently been recommended to all women aged 40-74 years of age in the United States.1 Overall effectiveness of a mammogram does not only include the
The guidelines that existed previously had considered clinical breast examination which was to be done by the healthcare worker. However, the Canadian task force on Preventive Healthcare 2011 has concluded that there is inadequate proof for the recommendation of this procedure when there is the availability of mammography. United States Preventive Service Task Force also recommends that all women clients should be taught about
Three-quarters of all breast cancer patients are not in any of the groups considered at increased risk for breast cancer, indicating that not all risk factors are understood. As a result, doctors recommend that every woman should familiarize herself with the techniques for monthly breast self-examination. X-ray examination of the breasts, a technique called mammography, can detect tumors before they are large enough to be felt and increase the odds for successful treatment. The American Cancer Society recommends that women over age 40
Breast cancer is the most common cause of death among women (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). The latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (C.D.C.) state that in 2013 230,815 women in the United States were diagnosed with breast cancer, and in 2013 40,860 women died from breast cancer (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). From 2002 to 2012, the occurrences of a breast cancer diagnosis remained at an even level, however the death rate from breast cancer decreased by 1.9% per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Mammography has been used for years to detect breast cancer and is considered the most effective tool to identify breast cancer (Komen, 2016).
This is a health promotion programme developed in order to reduce the occurrence of breast cancer among women over the age of 45 to 69 through early diagnosis and treatment. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. The Breast malignancy screening is the restorative screening of asymptomatic, clearly solid ladies for bosom growth trying to accomplish a prior judgment. This programme will help to identify and provide appropriate treatment to those who are suffering from breast cancer, and also providing promotion and health educational services. In this