Abiotic Stress Essay

There are many different broad definitions of stress and how to cope with it, known as stress management.

Salt stress results to stunted growth and reduced productivity of rice. Transcription factors like heat shock factors (HSFs) represents key controllers of stress adaptation. Moreover, heat shock factors of the group A and B are clearly established as thermal and non-thermal stress controllers in many plants. Therefore, this experiment aims at examining the functions of OsHsfC1b transcription factor in rice. There are several transcription factors that work in rice, including MYB, NAC and bZIP, leading to regulation of the stress- responsive genes in the crop. In addition, Bahadur et al. (2015) reveal that the Heat Shock factors (HSFs) are kind of transcription factors that are categorized into three groups: A, B and C. these groups of

Many species of plants host microorganisms living inside the plant forming a mutually beneficial endosymbiosis. Bacteria or fungi that reside within plant tissue (roots, stems, and/or leaves) are referred to as endophytes. These endophyte communities may help to improve a plant’s fitness by promoting growth, protecting against disease, or facilitating nutrient acquisition. More specifically, endophytes within the plant community can help plants respond to stress that develops from biotic or abiotic influences like pests, heat, drought, saline, and soil conditions (Russell et al., 2003) Endophytes can help plants become better able to tolerate stress by allocating resources from one place to another (Rodriguez et al., 2009). Therefore,

living organisms to be able to adjust to acidic rain that quickly in a short time span. According

Plants have evolved sophisticated genetic and epigenetic regulatory systems to respond quickly to unfavorable environmental conditions such as heat, cold, drought, and pathogen infections. In particular, heat greatly affects plant growth and development, immunity and circadian rhythm, and poses a serious threat to the global food supply. According to temperatures exposing, heat can be usually classified as warm ambient temperature

The aim of this experiment is to investigate how the effects of salts will have on Bean plants. If salt infected water is added to the bean plants, then the effects of osmosis and photosynthesis will be distributed in the plants, causing them to stop developing and eventually start leading to death. The outcome of this experiment will be determined through the amount of saline concentrations that will be added throughout to the plants and how all can be linked back to the real world problems in dryland salinity.

In the article “How a Water Bear survives, Even When It’s Dry” illustrated a way genes with the ability to help living organism adopt and survive harsh environment. Tardigrades a microorganism that able survive in the cold and warmest environment for decent through the process of anhydrobiosis. When this organism approach the frozen or dry state, itself form a ball shape structure. The unique genes of tardigrade allow them to create proteins that known as tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins which can protect and hold the water bear’s cells intact to prevent any damage from happening during the state of desiccation, until it rehydrate itself it will remain this this

The results of genetic crosses between teosinte and maize in the 1960’s suggested that the major morphological changes in maize are due to mutations in just five genes. The researchers of this gene hypothesized that the cause of phenotypic change in maize resulted at the regulatory region. The regulatory region is a segment of DNA in which proteins bind and thus control the gene expression of different aspects of the plant. Therefore, one goal of this study was to determine if the

In response to the host immunity some pathogens (for example bacteria) are capable of producing effector proteins that will enhance the pathogen virulence. These effectors can disrupt the PTI and induce Effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). Plants have special receptors called Nucleotide Binding-Leucine Rich Repeats (NB-LRRs) that can recognize the effector proteins specifically. This results in the Effector Mediated Immunity (ETI). The ETI results in the Hypersensitive Reaction (HR) that results in the localized cell death at the

Psychological and physical well-being and the overall quality of life are under a constant threat of stress and thus, psychological and medical sciences have long been concerned with studying stress response. Cox (1979) claimed that because of the poor understanding and defining it, the concept of stress tends to be rather elusive. The term, “stress”, commonly describes any physchological or physical alteration that deranges the organism’s homeostasis (or balance). This essay reviews some of the biological factors involved in stress and it has been organized in the following way. The paper begins by briefly introducing the concept of stress. It will then go on to discus and describe the automatic response (fight or flight reaction),

At one time or another, most people experience stress. The term stress has been used to describe a variety of negative feelings and reactions that accompany threatening or challenging situations. However, not all stress reactions are negative. A certain amount of stress is actually necessary for survival. For example, birth is one of the most stressful experiences of life. The high level of hormones released during birth, which are also involved in the stress response, are believed to prepare the newborn infant for adaptation to the challenges of life outside the womb. These biological responses to stress make the newborn more alert promoting the bonding process and, by extension, the child's physical survival.

Crop resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses, including drought has been successfully improved by plant breeding through phenotypic selection (Cooper et al., 2009). However, there is a large yield gap between drought prone areas and ideal production regions for most crops, including wheat. Drought tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes (Mir et al., 2012). It is also complicated by the fact that

All plants are subjected to a multitude of stresses throughout their life cycle. Depending on the species of plant and the source of the stress, the plant will respond in different ways. When a certain tolerance level is reached, the plant will eventually die. When the plants in question are crop plants, then a problem arises. The two major environmental factors that currently reduce plant productivity are drought and salinity (Serrano, 1999), and these stresses cause similar reactions in plants due to water stress. These environmental concerns affect plants more than is commonly thought. For example, disease and insect loss typically decrease crop yields by less than ten percent, but severe

The cell wall plasma membrane (CWPs) interface is believed as a key site for the HM stress signal perception. The CWPs involved in response to various abiotic stresses, have been extensively identified and characterised in different crop plants. Under various stress conditions, the main CWPs include phospholipases, the salt overly sensitive kinases, transcription factors, C-repeat binding factor, dehydration sensitive element binding proteins, mitogen activated proteins kinases and phosphatases, and abscisic acid responsive element binding factors (Ihsan et al., 2017; Dar et al., 2017). There are known CW proteins which forms covalent bonds and undergo glycosylation with HMs some

Development of low cost, easily adaptable methods for the abiotic stress management is a big challenge. Extensive research is being carried out across the globe, to