Acute Renal Failure

Injury to the glomerulus and the tubules presents the onset of Intra-renal failure (Matzke, 2011). Some of the frequent causes for Intra-renal failure are glomerulonephritis; pyelonephritis; and tubular injury. Post-renal failure develops from things like ureteroliths, tumors, or anatomic impediments. Opposite of the acute form, the chronic form has a slow onset that has no early stage symptoms. It is important to know that following an acute episode a chronic renal episode often follows, and at this juncture the damage is irreversible. Glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis combined, has been reported to be the forerunner in as much as half the cases from acute to chronic renal failure. Diabetes mellitus, renal vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease, drug damage, and nephrolith are all examples of other causes of CKD (Pradeep, 2014). Biopsies of kidneys that suffered with CKD reveal smaller kidneys with scarring on the tubules.

Prerenal acute renal failure- accounts for 60% of cases of ARF- is the most common cause of ARF and is caused by impaired renal blood flow. The GFR drops because of the decrease in filtration pressure. Poor perfusion can result from hypovolemia, hemorrhage, renal vasoconstricition, hypotension, or inadequate cardiac output. This type of renal failure may occur when chronic renal failure exists if a sudden stress is imposed on already marginally functioning kidneys. If blood volume or blood pressure and oxygen delivery is not restored, cell injury and acute tubular necrosis or acute interstitial necrosis may be caused (Perrin, 2009).

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease that is described as a loss of kidney function gradually over time. As kidney function decreases, the waste collection in the body’s blood becomes high and makes the individual feel sick. This disease can lead to other complications in the body such as anemia, poor nutritional health, high blood pressure, and nerve damage. These complications will begin to progress and show as CKD progresses to advanced stages. Early detection of this disease is essential when it comes to treatment. If CKD is diagnosed early enough the disease progression can be slowed down and managed. This disease will eventually lead to failure of the kidneys

Kidney disease has become more prevalent over the years, one in nine Americans has chronic kidney disease, resulting in the need for a kidney transplant. Kidney failure is caused by variety of factors resulting in damage of the nephrons, which are the most important functioning unit of the kidneys. Kidney failure can be broken down into three groups: acute, chronic, end-stage. Once kidney failure is irreversible, dialysis or transplantation is the only method of survival. To avoid a kidney transplant, one needs to be aware of the pre-disposing factors, signs and symptoms, available treatments, and proper diet.

kidney function, or a rapid decline in renal filtration function. The first signs of acute renal

Dialysis is generally only considered an option when more than eighty percent of the kidney is unusable, damaged, and unable to carry out its functions. The prominent feature of dialysis is to filter out wastes and clean the blood in order to have the same effect that a healthy kidney would. There are two primary types of dialysis; hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. In hemodialysis, a hemodialyzer, or an artificial kidney, is placed in the body and cleans the blood in the body. To get the blood into the hemodialyzer, surgery has to be done on the leg or arm. There are two main components, one for the blood and one for dialysate, a washing fluid. Blood is removed from the body and filtered through a man-made thin membrane, the dialyzer. Blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through the membrane, while waste products, such as urea, potassium, and extra fluid are able to travel through the dialyzer. The blood is then returned to the body. In peritoneal dialysis, a cleansing fluid flows through a catheter, which is placed in the abdomen, in order to filter out waste products within the flood. After a period of time where the filtering process is completed, the fluid containing the wastes is removed through the tube and

In Kidney failure cases urea, creatine, uric acids and electrolytes move from the blood to the dialysate with the net effect of lowering their concentration in the blood. RBC s WBC s and plasma proteins are too large to diffuse through the pores of the membrane. Hemodialysis patient are exposed to 120 to 130 L of water during each dialysis treatment. Small molecular weight substances can pass from the dialysate in to patient’s blood. So the purity of water used for dialysis is monitored and controlled.

Kidney Failure is when the kidneys lose the ability to eliminate excess salts, fluids and waste from the blood. If the bodies fluids rise to dangerous levels this cause the kidneys to lose their filtering ability. The symptoms of kidney failure are: swelling and fluid retention, pain between the rib and hips, decreased sensation especially in the hands or feet, high blood pressure, and metallic taste in your mouth. A doctor can diagnose kidney failure by using a stethoscope to see if they hear crackling in th lungs; which is a sign of fluid retention. Doctors will also order laboratory tests to see if there are any abnormal values. The preferred method used by doctors is an ultrasound, but an abdominal x-ray, an abdominal CT Scan, or an MRI.

Kidneys are a workhorse organ, performing multiple physiological tasks such as removing waste products and extra water, assisting in the creation of red blood cells, and controlling blood pressure. Consequently, kidneys are required to function at an optimal level of health. When kidneys completely fail also known as end state renal disease (ESRD) the only two courses are a kidney transplant or death, dialysis is a temporary intervention until a donor can be found. If an individual is within a risk factor of kidney disease either because of family history or having diabetes, or high blood pressure testing for kidney disease is recommended. There are two tests, a urine test that evaluates the protein in the urine and a blood test. The blood

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an irreversible condition that progresses causing kidney dysfunction and then to kidney failure. It is classified by a GFR of <60mL/min for longer than 3 months. There are five stages of CKD: Stage 1 has kidney damage but has a GFR ≥ 90. Stage 2 has mild damage and a GFR of 60-89. Stage 3 has moderate damage and a GFR of 30-59. Stage 4 has severe damage and a GFR of 15-29. Stage 5 is also known as end stage renal disease (ESRD), this is kidney failure with a GFR of ≤ 15 and theses patients are typically on dialysis or in need of an immediate transplant. The leading cause of CKD is diabetes. Hypertension is also a major cause. Since most DM patients have HTN,

Kidney dialysis is a life saving treatment for chronic kidney failure. Kidney is an organ which is responsible for filtering the waste material and excess fluid from the blood but failure of this organ to do so leads to accumulation of the waste

Mr. Armstrong has a history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension, along with symptoms of fatigue, pedal edema, and occasional shortness of breath. He does not have a history of trauma or obstruction to his kidneys, but his creatinine and BUN levels are currently at 3.5 mg/dl and 40 mg/dl. Normal creatinine concentration values are 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dl and normal BUN values are 10 to 20 mg/dl; this reveals that Mr. Armstrong’s kidneys are not removing wastes properly (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2014).  Mr. Armstrong’s history of renal insufficiency and uncontrolled hypertension is commonly found in patients diagnosed with intrarenal (intrinsic) acute renal failure. Intrarenal acute renal failure can be categorized as

However, when the kidneys stop working completely, this situation is known as end-stage renal failure (ESRF). There are some diseases may cause chronic renal failure and this essay will focus on two types of these common diseases.

Kidney failure is a public health problem, which has dramatic effects on patients' health. In some

There are different types of renal failure such as chronic kidney disease which is a slow progression over time and it can go unnoticed for a long time. Acute renal failure occurs suddenly, happening within a few hours or a few days, if not caught in time