Adaptive Immune Response Paper

Another interesting part of this book, talks about the decreased immune response during times of stress. Hans Selye, one of the godfathers of stress physiology, discovered the first evidence of stress-induced immunosuppression back in the 1930s. Selye learned that the same glucocorticoids that are responsible for sympathetic response, was also a large contributor in immune system suppression. Glucocorticoids stop the formation of lymphocytes as well as inhibit the release of interleukins and interferons which make already circulating lymphocytes less responsive to infections. Sapolsky hypothesized why evolution would create this process from happening. He wanted to know why

Stress has a huge impact on the immune system. The immune system is interconnected. For example the immune, nervous, and endocrine system is linked through specialized communication pathways involving hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and immune cell productions. Stress reactions can directly affect the various response systems and how they handle the neuroendocrine-products. This stress reaction directly affects the hypothalamus and pituitary peptides through the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Some of these stressors might be life events, anxiety, and excitements.

One defence mechanism of the human body is that when a person gets ill or is infected the person will get a fever, this is a method of notifying the person. This is a bodily defence mechanism produced by the immune system, its main purpose is to make it difficult for the virus to multiply prepare for the virus. The body’s pH level will also change to make it less optimal for the virus. The immune system’s mechanism will change depending on the body’s condition. If the body gets cut the immune system will causes inflammation, this will cause red blood cells to come to the

Describe how and why both types of adaptive immunity can cause problems with organ transplantation.

The video “Stress Portrait of a Killer” was enlightening. The correlation between each individual’s placement in the hierarchy and their level of stress was not surprising. In fact, it made a great deal of sense. When one is on the lower end of the spectrum, it is a reasonable to anticipate higher levels of stress than when one is at the higher end. The latter, has more control over what is happening in their lives which in turn eliminates that stress. What I found most interesting, is that stress lowers the body’s immunity. I had no idea that the brain cuts non-essential systems like the immune system when stress is present. I found this fact fascinating and rather concerning. For as long as I can remember, I have been very susceptible to

Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress related illness

Stress can get bad enough to where it starts to affect your body system. Things like depression, heart attacks, diseases, rashes and a low immune system can all occur to people dealing with stress bad enough. The number of common signs and symptoms is outrageous and is depressing to see that there are so many people dealing with this and how it’s such a common thing in this world. On stress.org, they talk about the different body systems and how they’re affected. The nervous, musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastro and reproductive systems are all affected in some way and in many ways to say the least. If your stress ever gets so bad, I consider seeing a doctor or specialist seeing how dangerous this can get.

Getting sick is another negative factor of being overly stressed. Chronic stress compromises your immune system and stress hormones affect the body’s ability to fight off illness due to the fact that thymus’s ability to stimulate and coordinate the white blood cell activity.

Stress can also contribute, because stress weakens the immune system. The bidirectional circuit that connects the nervous and immune system malfunctions under stress. The immune system withholds proinflammatory cytokines. Cytokines release chemicals that control inflammation in the body. Stress does not allow Cytokines to regulate the inflammation of nerves. Thus, when the 7th cranial nerve is put under strain and inflames, there is no chemical to release the pressure.

Fish undergoing internal or external challenges to their state of health mount a vigorous response including activation of both the innate and acquired immune system [1]. The innate immune system which covers those aspects of the host defense mechanisms not dependent on specific response, not only stimulate leukocyte activity but also affects many aspects of the host metabolic processes including immunological response to inflammatory stimuli by activation of phagocytes, and by altered levels of plasma proteins (AAPs). These changes in the plasma proteins have drawn attention to the importance of the innate immune response in fish. Acute phase proteins (APPs) are a large group of biochemically and functionally unrelated proteins whose plasma

It seems that innate and adaptive immune system cooperate with each other to manifest respiratory symptoms in COPD patients. Actually, irritant substances such as inhaled cigarette smoke induce and activate macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, which belong to the innate immune system as well as epithelial cells in lungs. Activation of these cells causes release of substances called chemotactic cells, for instance, C‑chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) that leads to attracting inflammatory cells such as monocytes. In addition, these macrophages and epithelial cells release multiple chemokines, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) that causes proliferation of fibroblast and as a result, remodeling of airways. Furthermore, activated dendritic cells stimulate adaptive immune system that consists of different kinds of cells such as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, T helper CD4+T cells, and B-cell. Therefore, lymphoid follicles on chronic inflammation are formed due to the response of these types of adaptive immune cells.

In the human body, we have ten systems that all have crucial roles to keep us alive. Each system has its own specific function that will affect the other systems and the human. I am going to discuss and take a closer look into the innate immune system and how it plays a role in the overall immune system. According to the Human Biology Mader 14th edition, Immunity is the naturally getting rid of or killing foreign substances, pathogens, and cancer cells from the body. The

Chronic stress can also interfere with the body’s immune system directly through hormonal changes. Glucocorticoids-a hormone

The effects of constant stress on a student’s body are devastating and may have long-term consequences. When stress escalates without coping with it, numerous troublesome psychological and physiological conditions may occur. First, the stressful life of college students may result in such physical problems as sleeping disorders, breathing difficulties, headaches, and a loss of appetite. In addition, fatigue, colds, weight change, teeth grinding, increased alcohol and drug use are also common. Unfortunately, stress is often linked to the immune system suppression. It increases the chances of altering any existing disease.

The trouble begins when multiple life incidents hit us all at once and this is because during periods of dramatic changes, individuals are more vulnerable to stress (Jones & Bright, 2001). Therefore, stress has got the ability to activate pretty every system within the body, however, through a rather rudimentary mechanism which lies within the cellular level (Shreedhar et al., 2010).