Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microstrip Antennas

This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.

It is a renowned coupling technique with the advantage of having the feed network located below the ground plane to avoid unwanted radiations that cause distortion and degrade the pattern shape. For HEM11 or TM110 being the dominant resonant mode, the aperture at the

A mixture of diverse creation methods may be utilized to at first structure the planar substrate

The tangential components (seen in Figure 3.11), which are in phase, means that the resulting fields combine to give maximum radiated field normal to the surface of the structure. Hence the edges along the width can be represented as two radiating slots, which are λ / 2 apart and excited in phase and radiating in the half space above the ground plane. The fringing fields along the width can be modeled as radiating slots and electrically the patch of the microstrip antenna looks greater than its

The fig.3 and 4 above is a simulated result showing the red is return loss (S11) and blue is insertion loss (S21) obtained for model. Figure 4 shows the reflection and transmission factor measured for the range 1 GHz to 4GHz. This result gives that the bandpass characteristics are valid for a wide range of EM spectrum for communication. In order to get detailed characteristics in the neighborhood of 2.45 GHz, Figure 4 gives more information needed to the measurement results. With the 3 dB boundary, we get about 260 MHz bandwidth, and insertion loss of -4.3 dB, with parametric dimension as given in Table.1.

Beholding the unmatchable technology of transmitting & receiving electric waves wirelessly by Hertz during late 1880’s, today is recognized as the fundamental building block of radio.

An I-molded microstrip line is utilized to energize the square opening. The turned square opening is inserted amidst the ground plane, and its slanting focuses are embedded amidst the strip line and ground plane. To build the increase, four L-formed openings are scratched in the ground plane. The deliberate outcomes demonstrate that the proposed structure holds a wide impedance data transfer capacity of 88.07%, which is 20%better than the reference recieving wire. The normal pick up is likewise expanded, which is around 4.17 dBi with a steady radiation design in the whole working band. [13].

In order to solve the influence of electromagnetic interference to electronic devices may have extreme effects on each other if proper shielding protection is not appropriately put into use. The materials are more and more used to give to structure lightening in electromagnetic shielding applications. The interactions between electromagnetic waves and materials are highly dependent on tiny design. This gives rise to put modeling issues. The work of research will be more oriented towards the modeling of the electromagnetic behaviors of the structures implemented and of the materials with respect to the followed temperature variations. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) calculate the electromagnetic guidelines was increased

The errors of the inverted models were calculated to quantitatively compare the accuracy of individual and joint inversions. The errors within the P-wave velocity and permittivity model are basically unchanged in the individual and joint inversions, whereas the error within the conductivity model in the joint inversion is less than that in the individual inversion. As shown in the Example 1, the structures of P-wave velocity and permittivity model are slightly altered in the joint inversion. Therefore, the errors in these two models also changed slightly. However, the structure and parameter values of the conductivity model are significantly altered in the joint inversion in a way to significantly improve the error of this model. In this joint FWI procedure, the cross-gradient terms are controlled by small weighting factors and cannot dominate the optimization of parameters. Therefore, the structure of each model will change towards those of other models, if the enforced structural constraint is beneficial for the optimization process. In contrast, the effect of structural constraint will decrease during iteration, if it hinders the

on a thin, ground-plane-backed dielectric substrate. The device is designed to anomalously reflect an incident wave 69

In 3rd iteration with defected ground structure, ground is defected by applying eight linear slots of dimensions 15 mm × 5 mm and a rectangular spiral with radius 0.7 mm. cuts are applied in such a way that the resonant frequency of the proposed radiating patch is extremely reduced simultaneously concise the size of patch. In this iteration order four bands are observed that means the patch is following the basic rules of fractals.

Novel Design: The electrical length of the coupled line is reduced to 〖34.84〗^0 . This decrease in length can be obtained only by increasing the frequency of separation m to 4.167.Hence the passband frequencies thus obtained are 2.4GHz and 10GHz.The even and mode impedances of the coupled line and the impedance of the shunt stub are calculated using the filter design equations. The shunt impedance value is found to be decreased when compared to filter with length 〖56.8421〗^0.The bandwidth at both the frequencies are increased to 216MHz for a filter with 9% fractional bandwidth at 2.4GHz and 2.16% fractional bandwidth at 10GHz.Thus a reduced length filter would have increased bandwidth and decreased stub impedance. A graph is plotted for frequency Vs insertion loss. The insertion loss is found to be 0.66dB at 2.4GHz and 19.8dB at 10GHz.A better insertion loss of 2.9dB is obtained with a little shift in the frequency at 12.1GHz.

We conducted a literature review as a part of our study, of recent research in the area of sinuous antennas. From the review, it is clear that sinuous antennas are very useful due to their wideband ability and dual polarized application. Hence, we can find a number of applications where these antennas are being used. Waldschmidt et al.1 have conducted a study and evaluated the use of the sinuous antenna for wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and diversity applications. They found that in addition to being extremely broadband the sinuous antennas are also very compact. In fact, they found that when placing dipoles on the same space required by the sinuous antennas, that the sinuous would reach much greater capacities for multimode-based MIMO systems. Edwards and Rebeiz2 utilized the sinuous antenna type placement on a silicon dielectric lens. The lens had a diameter of 50.8 mm necessitating a compact design. They chose the four-arm sinuous antenna configuration as an alternative to traditional log-periodic antennas, which suffer from polarization variation versus frequency and high cross-polarization levels. Their results have shown that the lens-coupled sinuous antennas do exhibit polarization stability and low cross-polarization levels over a wide band. In addition, the antenna is very efficient, radiating only 5% of its total power to its backside. A much more recent application from Suzuki et al.3, again utilizes the silicon lens-coupled sinuous antenna as a

Abstract: In microwave communication filters are more essential high frequency component. To improve the insertion loss the DGS technique is used. DGS i.e, (defected ground structure) is a technique where cuts are drawn on ground to improve the results and reduce the size of filters.

Fiber optic cabling has the following components (starting in the center and working out): core, cladding, coating, strength member, and jacket. The design and function of each of these will be defined. The core is in the very center of the cable and is the medium of propagation for the signal. The core is made of silica glass or plastic (in the case of POF) with a high refractive index. The actual core is very small (compared to the wire gauges we are used to). Typical core sizes range from 8 microns (millionth of a meter) for single mode silica glass cores up to 1000 microns for multi mode POF. The cladding is a material of lower index of refraction which surrounds the core. This difference in index forms a mirror at the boundary of the core and cladding. Because of the lower index, it reflects the light back into the center of the core, forming an optical wave guide. This is the same effect as looking out