Research in the Area of Sinuous Antennas

The different forms of antenna technology refer to single or multiple inputs and outputs. These are related to the radio link. In this way the input is the transmitter as it transmits into the link or signal path, and the output is the receiver. It is at the output of the wireless link.

This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.

MIMO antenna configuration is requires in spatial multiplexing. In spatial multiplexing the high rate signal is divide into low rate signals and each individual stream is transmitted from different transmit antenna which is having the same frequency channel. Spatial multiplexing is technique which is capable of increasing channel capacity at higher signal to noise

Lockheed Martin (LM) conducted a thorough review of all the test data on the CD Band Antenna and conclude that Cobham (CAS) has met all the Qualification Test criteria for the CD Band Antenna. Cobham also completed their 2nd Cd Band antenna. The Supplier Quality Engineer (SQE) and the Technical Subcontract Manager (TSM) were on-site to help facilitate the final processes step and to drive the units out the door. Also shipped this week was (1026-5) Low Band antenna. The current forecast is still tracking to have 3 additional CD Band completed before the end of the month.

CE3.18 High gain-antennas were one of the important requirements of this new network architecture design. I was tasked with design selection and implementation process

There are lots of challenges occurs for reliable wireless communication which occurs due to physical limitations of the wireless medium. There has been massive growth occurs in wireless communication which is due to the techniques that improves spectral efficiency and mitigate various channel impairments such as fading and interference. Moreover there is always demand for high speed wireless internet and technologies which are capable of providing higher capacities and link reliabilities. Multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) is based on communication system which is able to fulfil these objectives. MIMO is an expansion of smart antennas systems. There were traditional smart antennas which occupy multiple antennas at receiver, whereas In MIMO system multiple antennas are engaged at both sides at transmitter as well as receiver side. The multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver side provide a major advantage over traditional smart antenna systems—in terms of capacity and diversity advantage. The multipath propagation by MIMO system is a remarkably advantage over other antennas system. Moreover it is able to provide independent fading channels between every pair of transmitter and receiver antennas.

The antenna’s complete behaviour, including frequency dependency, can be described by the antenna the linear system theory.

According to the IEEE Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas, an antenna is defined as the ‘part of a transmitting or receiving system that is designed to radiate or to receive electromagnetic waves’ [1]. Depending on the resonance properties, environment, and use, an antenna can be designed in all sizes and shapes including linear dipoles, horns, dishes, apertures, and patches. Despite the different form factors, all antennas operate under the same principle. They mediate the transformation between propagating EM energy and localized or confined energy delivered to a load or emitted from a source via coupling of the EM energy to electron motion. Although originally conceived for radio waves, the antenna definition above notably does not constrain the frequency range of operation. The same

MIMO techniques are mostly used to accelerate system throughput over disruptive wireless communication channels. It is well known fact that with the number of transmit antenna M and number of receive antenna N, the capacity of MIMO systems increases linearly with a factor of MN. The receiver decodes the received signal vectors into actual information, a narrow band flat fading MIMO is designed as:

Technology is increasing rapidly. Various new technologies in various fields are emerging day by day. Among them Communication Systems is the branch in which most part of the scientists are focused on. CDMA, GSM, 3G, 4G are examples of the technologies that are developed in this field. Behind all the components included in the technology of communication system, Antennas take the most part. Smart antenna system received a greater interest for its involvement in performance improvement of wireless radio systems. Many techniques are included in this system such as enhancing received signal strength, reducing the interference and increasing capacity, etc. The main purpose of this paper is to provide how scientists approached and achieved towards smart antenna. Thus, this paper includes problems in communication, how it is overcame by smart antenna, its working like beamforming, adaptive system etc.

Antennas are key components of any wireless communication system and it is a device that provides a way for radiation or receiving electromagnetic waves. IEEE standard definitions for antenna (IEEE Std 145-1983) defines antenna as a means for radiating or receiving radio wave. Figure 3.1 shows an antenna as transition device. The arrows displayed in Figure 3.1 shows the electric field lines

The concept of MSAs was first proposed by Deschamps in 1953. A patent were issued in France in 1955 in the names of Gutton and Baissinor. After the 1970, the research publications started to flow within the appearances of the first design equation. Since the, different authors started investigation on microstrip patch antennas like James hall, David M. Pozars and there are also some who contributed a lot. Throughout the years, the authors has dedicated there investigations to create a new designs or variations to the original antenna that, to some extent; produce either the wider bandwidth or the multiple frequency operation with in a single element. However most of these innovations bear some disadvantages related to size, height,width or overall volume of the single element and the improvement in the bandwidth suffers usually from degradation the other characteristics.

antenna hopping. In a system using antenna hopping, two or more transmit antennas are used interchangeably to achieve a diversity effect. Antenna hopping attracted attention from 1990s and comparatively in expansive way of achieving a transmit diversity gain in system such as GSM.

The main aim of this paper is to give overview on Micro strip patch antenna design using different defected ground structures for improving the performance parameters of the antenna such as Gain, Directivity, and Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. Return Loss. By giving proper patch length ,patch width, substrate material such as FR4 with dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6mm,boundary material such as Vacuum/air, most important the patch material such as nickel and by adding array with DGS we can improve the performance of patch antenna.

The actual journey into space began October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the world 's first orbital spacecraft, which orbited the world for three months. A month later the Soviets launched Sputnik 2 and its passenger Laika, a dog who has the distinction of being the first known living creature to escape earth and enter outerspace. The space race was on, and in February of 1958, the United States launched Explorer 1.