Advantages And Disadvantages Of Spectrum Sensing

The increased demand for radio spectrum has resulted from the evolution of feature-rich and high-data-rate wireless applications. The spectrum is limited, and the current radio spectrum regulations make its use less productive. This has necessitated the development of dynamic spectrum allocation policies to make the utilization of the existing spectrum in a better way. As per the current spectrum allocation regulations, specific bands are assigned to particular services and only licensed users are granted access to licensed bands. Cognitive radio (CR) is expected to modernize the way spectrum is allocated. In a CR network, the cognitive radio part allows the unlicensed users (secondary users) to access spectrum bands allocated to the licensed

This book is full of mystery, and if you want to find out what happened to people who lived in a country that ruled them with an iron fist in 1984, answer that question as you follow a character named Winston and his experiences in Oceania and Big Brother. The country of airstrip one takes its citizens who have committed a crime to strike fear into the people and keep them in line. This makes the people fear the government, and it doesn’t help that they know nothing about them, and they are fed information that could be completely wrong. The world was in complete chaos behind the scenes, but from the people's perspective, it looked safe and organized. The party has used fear tactics to keep them in check, as the police have public executions

While there are few official entry point along the border line. They are highly regulated and policed, but cartels much prefer to exploit their predictability and rationality than to scatter resources across open expanses of desert and river. Traffickers have carefully studied how security operates in each checkpoint, which means they can observe and instantly respond to weaknesses, such as when inspections are relaxed in order

The beautiful over door carving is from a Shiite mosque in India that was made during the 19th century. The wood carving is of rich patterns of greenery and flowers with Islamic writing in the bottom center of it. The medium used in this sculpture would be wood and paint.

In RADAR the transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal that is radiated into space by an antenna. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and

In today’s society, prejudice is unfortunately all too common and we have all had to confront it as individuals in our own way. Judge Taylor comment that, “People generally see what they look for, and hear what they listen for” (page 92), presents us with a perfect definition of prejudice. The term involves ‘pre-judging’ a person or situation and forming opinions on false assumptions about gender, race and social status. In the Bildungsroman novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the impact of prejudice on Boo Radley, Mrs. Dubose and Tom Robinson. These characters in the story have not in any way harmed anyone, nor did they go against the law. Yet, they were treated unreasonably as in Maycomb, people only notice the qualities that

Abstract−A WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORK (WBAN) is a wireless sensor network technology that is confined to body of a person under supervision. As we use ISM band for transmission of information for WBAN thus it is a huge possibility that the transmission can undergo interference that affect the transmission. Hence there is a major utility of combining cognitive radio with WBAN. In this report, we discuss the role of cognitive radio in WBAN and how this can enhance the transmission of WBAN. We will also discuss various algorithms for sensing and thus will compare them.

Software Defined Radio is a Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions are software defined [3]

Wireless communication is nowadays widely utilized in many high-performance devices and remote sensing systems, comprising radar sensors

I Saksham Gupta student of B.Tech Electronic and Communication hereby declare that the project titled “Software defined radio for RFID” which is submitted by me to Department of Amity School of engineering and technology (ASET), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in B.Tech Electronic and Communication, has not been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title or recognition.The Author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copy righted material appearing in the Dissertation / Project report other than brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledgement in scholarly writing and all such use is acknowledged.

The four basic facts needed in order to understand the spectrum bands include; the license to use the spectrum bands are among the most flexible of any issued by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This means that the FCC permits any carriers within broad limits, to use them to provide any type of service using any type of technology. The second fact is that the services provided over these bands are market substitutes. For instance, when it comes to mobile telephone service providers, the data and mobile voice services provided by a company over a certain set of spectrum are the same with that provided by another company in their own set of spectrum.

The evolution of wireless technologies in modern days helps to utilize these kind of technology in many applications like vehicle safety application, a wireless data communication between the vehicles and also between the vehicles and other infrastructure.

Radiofrequency identifies the subject by reading the tags attached to the subject. These tags contain electronically stored information which is captured by the reader. Tags may either be powered by electromagnetic induction, some may collect energy from the interrogating radio waves and act as passive transponder and some are powered by batteries and can operate at hundreds of

Satellite Band Radio (SBR) Satellite Band Radios are virtually unheard off in our country. these radios are like normal radios but use satellites to transmit there information instead of the normal analog radio waves used.

Each access point can practically service between 32 to 64 users, depending upon manufacturer. The bandwidth will be shared by all users. The number of radio channels associated with each technology will vary by technology and product manufacturer. Multiple channels allows for multiple access points to be collocated in order to provide access for a larger number of users.