An Agent Based Model ( Abm )

In particular, forest fragmentation issues were not involved in the processes of legislation. To date, a well-defined tenure or ownership has not been available for those collective forests in southern China, and an overloaded forest-related taxation still exists for forest farmers. This has heavily undermined the afforestation initiatives available to forest farmers (Zhang, 2008). In contrast, the USA has pushed many favorable policies, including an adoption of taxation incentive packages to encourage citizens to manage forests. A comprehensive system of laws related to forest management has dramatically advanced forest management levels and led to an overall forest inventory regularly. Beside governmental supports, various NGO’s pay much attention to forest fragmentation issues when management plans are being developed. （Li, Mao, Zhou, Vogelmann, Zhu,2010）

The Amazon Rainforest, being one of the most dense, beautiful, and awe inspiring places of the world, has a lot of intrinsic value. However, by studying data of earth we can see how over the past few decades this has been changing. During the agricultural revolution humans began to grow crops and domesticate animals. In the mid 1790s, the Industrial revolution occurred and brought massive advances in medicine and agriculture. These two revolutions greatly increased earths population. There are about seven billion people in our world today. This number grows by about seventy million people per year, meaning that we are quickly growing in population size. Overpopulation has caused the ecological footprint of humans to greatly increase. The amazon rainforest is also home to many natural resources including fresh water, medical plants, and minerals, which as population increases, we use up more of these resources that can be produced and this causes deforestation. Humans are going into the amazon rainforest and clearing lands at an alarming rate. Earth has a specific carrying capacity. Although humans have changed this more than any other species through our ingenuity, we don’t know when or if we can once

However, due to more people searching for plots there is greater pressure on the amount of available land. The logging industry is responsible for a relatively small level of deforestation, accounting for 3% in Brazil. Consequently, all these activity contribute together to the rapid loss of what is left of the rainforest and a large proportion of the world’s biodiversity. All of the resources that the rainforest provides could be lost in the next 40 years.

Speaking of the causes for this global issue, human activity is always considered as the primary driving force of deforestation, in which illegal logging is the first cause. Illegal logging stands for the action of harvesting, processing, transporting and buying or selling timber and wood products without the permission of law and regulation. Nowadays, people are not hesitating to cut down tons of trees and forest to earn more profits, but not being aware of deforestation. In the article “Deforestation and land use under insecure property rights”, the authors claimed that “Illegal logging decreases non-timber benefits to local people who have no means of safeguarding against it. Depending on the actual tree species composition of a given site, illegal logging in native forests arises in two forms, either by selective logging (also known as ‘high-grading’) of only the most valuable trees (such as mahogany or teak), or through excessive harvesting of timber volume beyond the allowed concessions size” (Gregory, Erkki, Markku, 2009, pp. 281-303). With lots of research, studies, and explanations, the authors strongly proved the direct relations between illegal logging and deforestation and lowering illegal logging and reinstating the law enforcement for insecure property use would be the key factors to decrease the deforestation rate.

Textualist like Scalia rejected the use of legislative history because ‘a legislature is a hydra-headed body whose members may not share a common view of the interpretive issues likely to be engendered by a statute that they are considering enacting. They think that they should merely look at the enacted text as they are merely the agent of the legislature according to the agency model’s view of the separation of powers. However, I am of the view that the agency model does not reflect the true and appropriate relationship between the judges and the legislature. The agency model only expresses one aspect of democracy, that is legislative supremacy but places like Hong Kong do not recognise legislative supremacy. Judges should not be a mere agent, they have a greater mission to ‘preserve democracy, maintain and develop human rights, and actualise the rule of law.’ Other than the ideological reasons for opposing the agency

Deforestation in many developing states has shown how important these forest are to controlling air pollution, animal life, and even safe living conditions for the indigenous people. Unfortunately that has only caught the attention of already developed countries such as the United States. Most of the efforts to slow down deforestation have come from one nation, developed, and helping another, developing. Guatemala, like many countries, have ignored their own issues and only focus on the business side of cutting down trees. Until recent years Guatemala has begun to stand up for itself and realized that protecting its vast forest is a very important issues that must be

Throughout history, there have always been two main reason reasons for deforestation. The first reason was for economic gains such as: the need for new and bigger land for cow pastures and crop production, timber manufacturing, and trading goods. The second reason was for social gains such as: increasing population in a specific region or are, the migration of large social groups, and wars (Kranjc 16). In the 1970’s and 1980’s to help with economic gains, people were offered tax incentives, such as tax exemption and grants from the bank. These incentives helped make people more willing to buy and use land for pastures and crop production (Andersen 8). With the introduction of wheat, tobacco, then later soybeans, there became an increasing need for more land. Over time, people started to find that clearing land for cattle pastures were the cheapest and most effective way to buy land (Fearnside

Because Tim is without a business degree, he is not well-equipped to operate a business properly. Research online and in other places has provided him with a good deal of knowledge, but it has not given him enough of an advantage to compete with his degreed counterparts. Since that is the case, Tim needs two things: a business degree (or at least all of the information he would learn in acquiring said degree), and someone who already knows the needed information to partner with him for a period of time in order to make sure he is capable of handling his business correctly. Tim must learn more about marketing, since his efforts are not concise and professional enough just yet to really bring in the level of customers he needs and wants. He must address what sets him apart and show that value to everyone who sees his ads or comes into his shop. He must also learn more about financial aspects, because he is not yet clear on the financial statements of his company and how to determine how much money he is actually making. Until he focuses in on those kinds of issues, he will not be successful because he will not see if he is gaining or losing. Once he knows that answer, he can then focus on the SWOT analysis and consider which issues he needs to address first in order to move his business forward successfully.

Practice model approaches that are used at the Resource Center, if the Generalist approach is used, and roles that social workers play in the agency.

Forest destruction has threatened traditional systems of land management and inflicted poverty, pollution, and social disintegration on once thriving communities. As forest resources, have become depleted, economic pressures have driven young villagers to leave their communities in search of employment.

According to Myers (1994), more than half of clearing of tropical forest are converted to agricultural lands. Agricultural land expansion is generally viewed as the main source of deforestation which contributes around 60 per cent of total tropical deforestation. Conversion of tropical forest to agricultural usage has a great impact and adverse effect on the tropical biodiversity along with the water sources and non-timber forest products (Ravikanth et al., 2009; Gibson et al., 2011).However, as degradation of the land occurs, people are forced relocate thus considering new arrears of the forest thereby increasing deforestation (Wilkie et al., 2000 ; Amor and Pfaff, 2008) and causing loss of biodiversity. Shifting agriculture or Slash and burn method is another form of agricultural practice that results to loss of biodiversity and consequently has a great impact on understory loss,

Another factor precipitating deforestation appears to be poverty. Commonly held views argue that “high discount rates” received by poor countries are a cause of deforestation (The World Bank Forestry Policy 1991, Pearce and Watford 1993.). Because forests imply long gestation; private agents, particularly from the poorest countries, value what they can get immediately from forests more than what they can get in the future. But in 1999, Ekbom and Bojo challenged those views in a World Bank examination by showing that poverty does not necessarily lead to shorter time horizons and an increased rate of environmental degradation. They show how in fact the rural poor have used resources in a conservationist manner over a long period spanning centuries. Ostrom (1990), one of the various analysts they quoted, established a number of conditions that would lead to long term use of common resources despite their short-time

Studies show that tropical forests absorb almost two billion tons of carbon each year, equivalent to 1/5th of the world's carbon emissions, by storing it in their bark, leaves and soil. However, an equivalent amount is lost through logging, clearing of land for grazing, and growing biofuel crops such as palm oil, soya bean and sugar. Peat fires in forests add significantly to the greenhouse gas emissions. (Greenhouse, 2014) For decades, millions of hectares of forest have been cleared with various motives in mind. Two countries that have suffered greatly are Haiti, located on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, and Indonesia, an archipelago island country in Southeast Asia. This report will discuss the omnipresent environmental problem these countries endure, the reasoning and rational behind these decisions, and the impacts and consequences these actions face. According to the last report from the International Panel on Climate Change, tropical deforestation is

From creations such as iShack in Africa to local control over livelihood through resilience with SRI in India, these changers seek to promote local goals and direct community empowerment. Adaptation of local traditions to new issues like that of ecolocalism in Northeast Thailand or Rwanda in dealing with its genecide trials and government leaders are more examples that promote local society through a mutualistic relationship to a “modern” world. When combined with the sustainable goals of “development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs”, they then offer a participatory route for longterm advancement(Williams 2004:100). Through the combination of locally-produced ideas and empowerment with strong sustainability goals, projects like urban wildscpaes in Mombasa come to live that benefit not only the communities in the face of climate change, but seek to reclaim instances of past developmental affliction. A true sustainable local change, “green landscapes have the potential to generate net social and ecological benefits under a range of future scenarios” (Kithiia 2011:263). Whether it be reclaiming land through sustainable green actions, or practices through local tradition, when grassroots movements promote both the advancement of their community and sustainability, USAID’s post-development

In the current management system in Nepal, community forestry (CF) is one of the effective mechanisms to reduce deforestation and increase greenery in the country, but there is uncertainty to what extent CF supports biodiversity conservation (Acharya, 2003). Community forestry has contributed to improving and diversifying livelihoods by mobilizing locally available natural forest. As per the Forest Act (1993), community forest user groups (CFUGs) retain 100% of revenues generated and 25% are used in forest development