An Alternative to Antibiotics Use in Livestock Industry: Essential Oils Introduction Bovine mastitis--inflammation of cow mammary gland--does not only cause major economic loss to the cattle and milk industries, but also confers substantial public health concerns. Antibiotics, the conventional treatment for this illness, increasingly receives criticism due to its evidenced contribution to bacterial resistance, chemical hazard for human consumers, and decreased milk quality. This literature review aims to explore the need for as well as the benefits and biochemistry of a natural (non-synthetic), alternative treatment t o bovine mastitis: essential oil derived from thyme. The very process of reviewing the literature resulted in the scope of the topic narrowing from “antibiotic use in livestock” down to “thyme oil as an alternative for one particular livestock disease”. This review is organized in chronological fashion, reflecting the literature search process through time as new information informed closer, more specific focus. The bulk of the literature review performed utilized databases accessed through the New York University library system. Using multiple databases such as Proquest Central, ScienceDirect and Web of Science provided diversity in literature and also allowed for the ability to gauge an individual paper’s relevancy by the number of times it has been cited. Additionally, there were several key sources that yielded multiple research articles that provided more
In this brief, the reader will see the pros and cons in antibiotic livestock. They will see commonly misunderstandings about antibiotics and facts. Throughout the paper the reader will see what long term and short term problems and benefits in livestock. In this research paper it will be covering antibiotics resistance and also how antibiotics it has changed the face of medicine.
A hand search from the reference list of published literature identified from the electronic search.
Many people find thyme useful and effective when it comes to heal and treat many diseases. Thyme is a member of the most common herbs in the Labiatae (Mint) plant family, which have been used for centuries. In addition to that, there are about 350 species of thyme with a vast range of uses not only in natural medicine but also in pharmaceutical drugs. Thyme leaves are not the only part that have been used. In fact, oil extract from thyme leaves and its flowers also serves important roles in treating and curing many disorders.
Presently, speculations have risen about the amount of antibiotics used in the livestock industry and the desire to consume antibiotic-free meats. What is not understood, however, is the USDA has been monitoring the amount of antimicrobial residue in meats for several years. If unsafe levels are detected the meat is not allowed to be sold for human consumption. Yet, fast food chains such as Subway and Chipotle are claiming to go completely antibiotic free within the next decade. The practicality of this becoming a reality is slim due to the need to control, treat, and prevent diseases. To truly understand the importance of the antibiotic usage in cattle it must first be understood what antibiotics are and the reasons they are used. Additionally, the use of vaccinations should be taken into account for the
Is there a Literature Review? What kind of information is found in this section? How current is and
A. the literature review provided articles that were relevant and a number of relevant studies and theories were described throughout the study.
Antibiotic use in animals has recently captured the attention of various professionals as the blatant, adverse effects have become increasingly prevalent. Agricultural manufacturers carelessly inject livestock with antibiotics in order to maximize their weight gain by minimizing the amount of energy consumed in fighting illnesses. This broad use of antibiotics in food-producing animals has contributed to the emergence and distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, resulting in either mild or fatal illnesses. To put the severity of this issue in perspective, legislators must realize that 1 in 5 antibiotic-resistant infections are caused by bacteria from food and animals. Although antibiotic use in animals is not the sole culprit of the
Among these 1195 studies 999 abstracts were reviewed. 36 full paper have been chosen. Twelve studies were selected among thousand based on very a strict criteria (Hogan, Smart, Shah, and Taddio, 2014, p.
The literature search helps to identify and retrieve studies to find out information about a topic, detect the need for further study and develop new guidelines (Auston, Cahn, & Selden, 2016). The resources that could provide the evidence are available in many databases. The databases used for the literature support for the problem and the proposed solution of this EBP project are:
Age of the sources. The significant literature will be reviewed. Sources from the last five years, 2012- 2017, will be
A review of the literature was conducted that limited the search to Journals published from 1998 to 2010. Of the 243 articles found the authors review found only
Antibiotics started being used for production purposes around the 1940s, farmers started to notice that when antibiotics were fed to their poultry, it promoted growth. This fast growth curve was especially liked by farmers because it increased the profits on their farms. From that point on, antibiotics were incorporated into livestock’s regular feed. In 1951, the FDA approved the first antibiotic that could be used for extra weight gain. It wasn’t until of 1969 that scientists started discovering antibiotic resistance due to the careless use by farmers. “When
I found the information by investigating website with journals, just sites that have studies and investigated thoroughly about the subject. I was primarily interested in how the studies went down, than articles with the
Several databases were used for this review. Sources primarily came from EBSCO, which included Academic Search Complete, Education Full Text, OmniFile Full Text Mega, General Science Full Text, EBSCO Professional Development Collection, and Social Sciences Full-Text databases. In addition, the EBSCO eBook Collection and the EBSCO ebrary collection for full-text books were utilized. Other databases used for this review include Google Scholar and ERIC. The search was narrowed by limiting sources to academic journals and books. Where possible, only peer-reviewed sources were used. Some keyword descriptors did not produce results within the peer-review parameters.
Mastitis is a condition affecting dairy cows that has significant impacts on producers, processors and consumers. The disease causes a reduction in milk yield and quality, as well as contributing to antibiotic use and the development of resistant bacterial strains. Mastitis can also increase the susceptibility of an affected cow to secondary health issues due to immune suppression caused by the infection. Physiological, environmental and management factors can all increase the risk of a cow developing mastitis, and farmers invest significant time and money into controlling these factors.