An Anti ‐ Inflammatory Effects

Some of the numerous antioxidants included in red wine are Anthocyanins, flavonols, catechins, flavonoids,resveratrol. “During the last two decades, several epidemiological studies have shown that moderate consumption of red wine may contribute to a reduction in the mortality rate due to cardiovascular diseases.” (El Rayess 3). This is completely contradictory to the argument that alcohol has no benefits, when in fact it can possibly reduce heart disease and cancers. This data further stresses the fact that the government should be more concerned with the health risks of cigarettes and tobacco because statistics support the idea that alcohol is relatively safer for

Early studies on cranberry focused on its benefits in the urinary tract, then other studies focused on other health effects of

Pharmacology. Elderberries are rich in flavonoids, specifically anthocyanins which give the berry its dark colour and are antioxidants that possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, mucolytic and immune boosting properties due to their affinity for free radicals (Fernandes et al., 2013). Chatgilialoglu, Ferreri Masi, Melchiorre,

It is said that drinking cranberry juice can help prevent urinary tract infections in women. In a laboratory study, female subjects prone to these infections were monitored over a year, while regularly drinking certain beverages. The contingency table shows the relationship between the three different types of beverage and incidence of urinary tract infections in the subjects.

Twenty healthy, age-matched (36 years of age, on average) subjects were randomized to either receive 200 mg of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (PCE) (containing 40 mg of resveratrol) or a placebo daily for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 1, 3 and 6 weeks. Oxidative stress was determined by analyzing blood for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Inflammatory state was determined by assessing nuclear NFKB DNA binding activity (via gel shift assay) and TNFα mRNA expression (via PCR testing). Resveratrol supplementation was found to significantly reduce ROS generation, NFKB DNA binding activity, and TNFα mRNA expression compared to both baseline and the placebo group at 3 and 6 weeks. (see figure 1). The authors therefore concluded that 6 weeks of a resveratrol-containing supplement could reduce both oxidative stress and inflammation. A major weakness of the study is that the authors failed to report the sex of the subjects making it challenging to compare these findings with other studies. Furthermore, this study used a PCE supplement, which contains several other antioxidants in addition to resveratrol. The possibility therefore remains that these other compounds or an interaction effect could have been responsible for some of changes that were observed.

Plants are an integral part of Canadian society. They form the basis of medicine, construction and contributes to Canada’s GDP. (Fabricant, D.S., & Farnsworth, N.R., 2001; Dunlop et al, 2010). Plants such as goldenseal and ginseng provide ways in which one can access medicine without a prescription. These herbal plants can be used to improve the function of the immune system, fight colds, and treat sore gums/throats (Dunlop et al, 2010; University of Maryland Medical Center, 2015; n.a, 2013). Ginseng increases the number of immune cells in the blood and improves the immune system’s response (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2015). It also helps rid the body of radicals, which are substances that can damage DNA and contribute to heart disease, diabetes, and other conditions (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2015). About 3 000 tonnes of North American ginseng roots are exported to other countries’ markets

Jepson, R. G., Williams, G., & Craig, J. C. (2012). Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10(10).

vulgare shown to have significant antibacterial activity in vitro as compared to some standard antibiotics[53]. Butanol and aqueous fractions of F. vulgare fruit showed intermediate free radical scavenging activity in vitro[54]. A group of rat pretreated with aqueous extract of F. vul-gare shown to have suppressed ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Also, this extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant activity[70]. Administration of methanolic extract of F. vulgare fruit orally to mice has been shown to suppress Type 4 allergic reactions as well as acute and subacute inflammatory responses and also shown moderate centeral analgesic effect. In addition, it significantly enhance plasma antioxidant status while suppressing lipid peroxidation chain

NSAIDS stands for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Other version of this drug is naproxen and ibuprofen. This drug helps treat swelling, pain reliever, and lower fevers. How NSAIDS work is by preventing an enzyme from doing its job. The enzyme is COX. There are two versions. COX-1 is known for protection of the stomach lining form harsh acids and digestive chemicals. Cox-2 is produced when joints are injured or inflamed.

The role of prostaglandins in the inflammation pathway and the mechanism of action of NSAIDs

Grape contains many antioxidant compounds and a range of vitamins, because of its content, the grape can improve the work cells that facilitate blood circulation in the body, so as to prevent and reduce the risk of heart disease. The grapes are rich in carotenoids and lycopene is beneficial as a protection from free radicals, the flavonoid content can increase the body's immune system and inhibit the clotting of blood cell chips, widen blood vessels, prevent influenza, keeping blood glucose levels because natural sugars (glucose and fructose) from the grapes so as to prevent a person experiencing a

Inflammation is a rapid and complex reaction to an injurious agent that initiates a cascade of events which lead to vascular responses, neutrophil recruitment and activation, and multiple systemic reactions. The initiation of inflammation after an insult is exudation. Exudation is the localized hemodynamic changes that are critical to subsequent neutrophil emigration because selectin-mediated, low-affinity, endothelial adhesive interactions can only occur in the presence of shear forces exerted by hemoconcentration.

Inflammation is a normal immune reaction in response to tissue injury or invading exogenous molecules/ pathogens and can be either localized or systemic. The aim of acute inflammation is restoring the tissue homeostatic imbalance by promoting tissue repair and eliminating the causative stimuli through a complex but highly regulated cascade of events (Medzhitov 2008). Under physiological conditions, successful acute inflammation is followed by a resolution phase during which pro-inflammatory processes are suppressed and physiological homeostasis is achieved. However, an ongoing inflammatory event or an impaired resolution phase characterized by continuous pro-inflammatory processes results in chronic inflammation (Maskrey et al. 2011; Fullerton

Perhaps a qualitative or mixed methods research would fill the gap in the literature. Most of the sample size used for this review seemed to be very little. Nonetheless, we should not consider quantitative studies with small sample sizes as unreliable because these research findings could be used as a pilot study that would guide the succeeding studies, just like the clinical trials in its early stage, or in atypical occasions, to conduct potential meta-analyses for some rare illnesses (Biau, et al., 2008). The desirable effects of the polyphenols on the CVD risk sample population for this review are inconclusive. The irregularities of the variables involved in the study deter the collective answer to the question in this review. The length of the study, the intake amount, the research participants, and the insufficient standardized control are some of the threats to the validity of the research (Katarzyna et al., 2015). It is imperative for future researchers to consider bigger sample size, more homogenous CVD-risk population, longer, and better-controlled studies. It is also vital to educate and engage the public about the valuable effects of the polyphenol

Fruits are known not cancer prevention agent and mitigating properties and are additionally known not ready to reduce uric corrosive levels in the blood. This makes them a standout amongst the most famous and powerful gout home cures.