Analysis Of Parkinson 's Disease ( Pd )

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson’s disease is a condition that progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016).

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of unknown etiology that has no cure. It is characterized by bradykinesia, rest tremor, cogwheel rigidity and postural instability, along with a number of non-motor signs. The neurochemical hallmark of PD is dopamine loss in the nigrostriatal dopamine system (Adler, 2011). In the substantia nigra (SN) of people with PD there is a loss of neuronal cells, demonstrated by the degeneration of brainstem nuclei (Brooks, 1998). This typically shows as Lewy bodies – spherical masses of protein that develop inside nerve cells. However the progression of neuronal loss is quite variable in different PD patients and at different phases of the disease. At present there is no treatment that affects the degeneration, for example by slowing the rate of cell death or by protecting neurons.

Parkinson’s disease can be described as an issue within the nervous system that causes delayed and heavily impacted body motor skills. Sufferers face an intense loss of body movement; they face periods of unstoppable shaking, stiffened muscles, and delayed movement. Parkinson’s is commonly described as a physically impairing disease, but, in reality, it has the ability to have just as much impact on mental capabilities as it has on physical capabilities. Mainly, in the mental realm of impairment, Parkinson’s has a massive impact on emotional health. The disease and the manner in which the symptoms progressively worsen can be seriously detrimental to the well-being of a sufferer. Constantly dealing with the various symptoms and trying to cope

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aberrant α-synuclein aggregates within neurons causing damage or neuronal death in different regions of the brain with most disease development occurring in the substantia nigra (NIH.PARK). α-synuclein positive Lewy bodies are another hallmark of PD development (NIH.PARK). Damage or death of neurons leads to a decrease in dopamine production which is required for smooth control of muscle movement (NIH.PARK2, NIH.PARK). Clinically presenting symptoms manifest over time and are characterized by muscle rigidity, tremors and delayed movement however, cognitive changes have also been observed (NIH.PARK2, NIH.PARK). Almost all cases of PD develop sporadically with a small

The main pathological feature of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease is the progressive degeneration of selected but heterogeneous populations of neurons (Fig. 1) , including the dopaminergic cells of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra that primarly project to the striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) and also to other basal ganglia nuclei (Lang and Lozano, 1998). Subsequently, dopamine loss in these sites prevents brain cells from performing their normal inhibitory effect within the basal ganglia, leading to most of the movement abnormalities in PD, as they improve with dopamine replacement; whereas non-motor features show a poor or no response to dopamine replacement (Kandel, 2013).

The primary symptoms of Parkinson's Disease stem from the deterioration of the part of the brain that controls motor functioning (NHGRI, 1998). This region is the substantia nigra which is found deep within the brain stem and contains neuronomelanin, pigment cells, which synapse to cells of the striatum. The striatum is responsible for balance, control of movements, and

Patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease are constantly searching for the most effective way to relieve their motor and nonmotor symptoms. Deep brain stimulation and traditional Parkinson’s oral medications, such as Apomorphine, are two methods of treatment designed for these patients. An important question to investigate stands as follows: In patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease, how does adjunctive deep brain stimulation compared to solely traditional Parkinson’s oral medication affect motor and nonmotor symptoms over a 3-month period? Conducting a literature search is a crucial component of answering the previously stated question. A literature search provides individuals with a way to gather relevant data on a research question.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common, slow, progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder which is around 1.5 times more common in men than in women affects more than one million Americans. Symptoms include tremor, rigidity, postural instability and slowed movement inanition to these motor symptoms patients experience non motor symptoms such as sleep disturbance, depression, psychosis and dementia. Usually affects old generation, cause is unknown, disorder cause degeneration of the dopamine producing neurons in the brains striatum, dopamine depletion decreases leads to degeneration of basal ganglia.

Parkinson’s disease is affected by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons which is responsible to produce dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons have their cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in basal ganglia (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).

In the basal ganglia, one of the crucial neuro modulator is dopamine. It interacts with basal ganglia output nuclei and regulates the motor activity. In Parkinson’s disease dopaminergic neuron Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta(Snc) degenerated which is the main provenience of dopamine origination. The authors of this paper performed in vivo studies on primates and the experimental results showed that how the pallidum (GPi, Gpe) react to the dopamine

Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common forms of Parkinsonism, which are a group of motor system disorders. Parkinson’s is a genetic disorder that occurs primarily when a person has low and/or deteriorating dopamine levels. Dopamine neurons are important in the role of voluntary movement and mood. Dopaminergic neurons are made in the substantia nigra, in the brain and as the number of neurons drop the severity of the symptoms become more severe. No one knows what triggers the death of these cells. The remaining surviving cells that are affected usually present with Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites (Wakabayashi et al. 2012). Typically, Parkinson’s disease affects people past the age of 65, but like many diseases,

There is not a specific test to diagnose Parkinson’s disease. The patient’s neurologist can diagnose Parkinson’s disease based on the medical history, reviewing signs and symptoms, and neurological and physical examination. The purpose of any additional testing is to exclude other diseases that imitate Parkinson’s disease, such as stroke or hydrocephalus (a buildup of cerebrospinal

In the United States there is an estimated 1 million people living with Parkinson’s disease, with the worldwide numbers reaching an estimated 10 million people (American Parkinson’s Disease Association, 2017). Parkinson’s disease, commonly referred to as Parkinson’s, is a neurodegenerative disorder that slowly and progressively deteriorates the central nervous system (Falvo, 2014). This progressive deterioration occurs mostly in the basal ganglia, a structure in the brain composed of grey matter that contributes to complex movement. As a result, the production of dopamine produced by the basal ganglia is reduced. The cause of Parkinson’s is unknown, but both genetic and environmental factors are considered to contribute to its onset. The extreme

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, it recognised as a progressive disease because it progresses and worsens over time and during the disease there is a loss of neurons therefore it is identified as neurodegenerative. In Parkinson's disease there is a loss of particular neurons called dopamine neurons, dopamine neurons are able to produce a signalling chemical, dopamine. This chemical is important for allowing the body to make normal movements, primarily dopamine neurons are found in the substantia nigra area of the brain, it is located in the mid brain above the spinal cord; when these neurons are lost there is a reduction in the amount of dopamine in the brain.