Angina Pectoris Case Analysis

In Focus on Pharmacology Essentials For Health Professionals, Jahangir Moini states “angina pectoris is a common form of ischemic heart disease and often precedes and accompanies MI” (Moini, 2013. p.359). When having angina, a patient will feel pressure in the chest like a squeezing sensation and the pain can travel to the jaw, down the arm, into the neck, shoulders, or back.

Angina is chest pain that occurs when there is not enough blood flow to the heart muscle because the arteries supplied heart become narrowed. The symptoms of angina are dizziness, feeling nausea, restlessness, and breathlessness. It is happened by smoking, stress, and family history. In England, it is more risk of advanced age estimated one in every 30 women between 55 and 64 years (1). for the prevention of angina eat healthy, cutting down on saturated fat, and reducing alcohol exhaustion. Angina diagnosed can be started with a blood pressure test, measured weight, and urine test. Angina has three treatment options. First, there are medication for treating the symptoms if the symptoms relive such as aspirin, nitrates, and beta blockers.

Angina Pectoris is a disorder described by episodes of pain when the supply of oxygen to the heart is inadequate to meet the needs of the heart (Bruyninckx 2011). Hypoxia can be the result of three types of cardiac stressors:

Coronary heart disease have three clinical types; Non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).Among them NSTE-AC have high mortality rate. Correct diagnosis and early management are important to improve clinical cardiac events in patients with Non-STEMI. The manifestation of serious cardiovascular adverse events varies markedly in ACS patients with enzyme markers, typical clinical features and electrocardiogram (ECG). Risk stratification may be helpful for the planning of early treatment program with drugs or coronary angioplasty. However, the accuracy of disagreement risk stratification such as normal or elevated value of troponin, normal or abnormal ECG is inadequate for prognosis interpretation, more information is needed.

Chest pain is a very common symptom, and around 20% to 40% of the general population will experience chest pain in their lives(149). In the UK, up to 2 % of visits to a general practitioner are due to new onset chest pain (150). Approximately 5% of visits to the emergency department are due to a complaint of chest pain, and up to 40% of emergency hospital admissions are the result of chest pain(149, 151). Approximately 52,000 new cases of angina per year are diagnosed in men and 43,000 in women. The incidence of angina increases with age(123).

Some other symptoms can be shortness of breath, nausea, weakness, and pain in the back. A person’s health care provider would measure their blood pressure, cholesterol, and sugar levels to see if they are at risk. The diagnosing tools would be electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, exercise stress test, chest X-Ray, cardiac catheterization, and coronary angiogram. All of these tools are helpful when testing to diagnose Coronary artery disease.

To determine if the patient’s chest pain is related to cardiac ischemia, you would look for ST-segment depression and/or T wave inversion. If the ST-segment depression is at least 1mm (one small box) below the isoelectric line, it is significant and occurs in response to inadequate supply of blood and oxygen, which leads to an electrical disturbance. Once this is treated, adequate blood flow is restored, the ECG changes will resolve, and the ECG will return back to patient’s baseline.

A common symptom for myocardial ischaemia is angina - chest pain. Angina can occur in two forms: stable or variant angina (McCance & Huether, 2014, pg. 1154). Stable angina is caused by myocardial ischaemia. The symptoms are usually described as sensation of heaviness, pressing or squeezing pain, and sometimes may radiate to other places such as left shoulder, arm, lower jaw and neck (McCance & Huether, 2014, pg. 1154; Touhy, Jett, Ebersole, & Hess, 2012, pg. 270). On the other hand,

Because Congestive Heart Failure has many causes, doctors need to find the underlying cause of the heart failure. So the doctors have to find out how and why the heart is malfunctioning before they can make a diagnosis. They do this by your medical/family history, physical examination, and a series of test. Some of the tests used to discover underlying cause are blood tests to evaluate the function of organs in the body, BNP blood test, X-ray, electrocardiogram (EKG), echocardiogram (ECG), stress test, cardiac catherization, radionuclide ventriculography, or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Stable Angina: She has substernal chest pressure, but she doesn’t suffer from nausea, diaphoresis and shortness of breath. She has problem with physical examination, such as blood pressure. According to the ESG, there is no angina.

Chest pain is a frequent cause of emergency department presentation. Many times, chest pain can be an indicator of myocardial infarction. Yearly, about 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States, with a total of about 700,000 having a myocardial infarction. The leading source of death for both men and women is heart disease ("Heart disease facts," 2014). Managing the challenging clinical problems of those presenting with chest pain can be demanding. While clinical judgment is imperative in managing these patients, rapid treatment protocols to evaluate risk

Serious causes for chest pain include: Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS): New onset angina, accelerating or crescendo angina and prolonged angina or coronary insufficiency, non ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The typical features of cardiac chest pain are 1.) located under the breastbone or at least some of the pain is situated in this area, 2.) other features include provocation by exercise or stress and 3.) relief by rest or nitroglycerin. If all three features are present the patient is

     In today’s society, people are gaining medical knowledge at quite a fast pace. Treatments, cures, and vaccines for various diseases and disorders are being developed constantly, and yet, coronary disease remains the number one killer in the world.

When symptoms of CHF are present test such as electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG) to check the hearts rhythm maybe performed. A cardiologist may recommend a MRI to take pictures of the heart and a stress test to show how well the heart performs under different levels of stress. Blood test can check for infections and abnormal blood cells. If these test show abnormalities then the cardiologist may perform a cardiac catheterization that will show any blockages of the coronary