Animal Lab Report

The authors emphasize in reduction, replacement and refinement of animal use in experiments, which is referred as “3 Rs” principles. These principles encouraged researchers to work to lessen the number of animals used in experiments to the minimum, limit the pain and replace use of animals with non animal alternatives when possible. It provides awareness to the subject matter of animal testing, raising serious ethical and scientific issues.

Resting heart contractions were recorded for thirty seconds until the heart rate was less than 60 beats per minute. A stimulator electrode to be used was set to the following states: Amplitude of 4.00 Volts, a stimulus delay of 50ms, stimulus duration of 10ms, a frequency of 1.0Hz, and a pulse number of 30. The electrode was then placed in direct contact with the heart for 30 seconds at which time the data was observed and recorded.

The mole is a convenient unit for analyzing chemical reactions. Avogadro’s number is equal to the mole. The mass of a mole of any compound or element is the mass in grams that corresponds to the molecular formula, also known as the atomic mass. In this experiment, you will observe the reaction of iron nails with a solution of copper (II) chloride and determine the number of moles involved in the reaction. You will determine the number of moles of copper produced in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the number of moles of iron used up in the reaction of iron and copper (II) chloride, determine the ratio of moles of iron to moles of copper, and determine the number of atoms and formula units involved in

Throughout history, animal experimentation has played an important role in leading to new discoveries and human benefits. However, what many people tend to forget are the millions of animals that are tortured or killed during the process of these painful, deadly experiments. Many people seem to misunderstand animal nature and the laboratory procedures and techniques that are executed on the animals. The procedures are cruel, unreliable, and harmful. Luckily there are more humane alternatives that have also proved to be less expensive.

Porges theory recognises his important discoveries on the vagus nerve which changed previous understanding and functioning of the autonomic nervous system. Prior to this discovery, it was understood that the system operated in a balanced sympathetic/parasympathetic way. Porges research changed the outlook and understanding on the system, firstly with the vagus nerve in mammals having two branches, and secondly that the newest branch is able to prevent other nervous system activity.

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

* Inhibitory may help relax anxiety reactions * depression * Endorphins * Occur naturally within the brain and bloodstream * inhibit pain * may be connected to indifference to pain * runner’s high * Parts of the nervous system * Central nervous system * Brain and spinal cord * peripheral nervous system * sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) neurons * Somatic Nervous system * sensory motor neurons * transmits messages to the brain and purposeful body movements from the brain * Autonomic nervous system * Regulates glans and muscles of internal organs * contains sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions * Branches of the autonomic nervous system

A hypothetical experiment is proposed that inquires into the effects of cutting a specific part of the hypothalamus of cats. In the experiment, cats would have a surgery in which their hypothalamus is cut, when the cat would recover from the surgery, their behavior would be observed. The cats would then be painlessly euthanized via an injection of poison. This research raises a question as to whether the experiment is ethical and follows the guidelines described in the Guidelines for Ethical Conduct in the Care and Use of Animals (developed by the American Psychological Association's Committee on Animal Research and Ethics [CARE]). After careful examination of the APA CARE guidelines, the experiment would be ethical because there were no technical

Whole mount preparations were prepared using nerves which were harvested from animals sacrificed using Ketamine 40-100 mg/kg IP and Xylazine 5-13 mg/kg IP. Animals underwent transcardial perfusion with 500 ml of 0.9% saline, followed by 500 ml of ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer.

Though data from vagal stimulation was disregarded, it is still important to mention the responses that should have been elicited had the vagus nerve been stimulated properly. The vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) is a part of the parasympathetic nervous system and reduce heart rate when given enough electrical stimulation. Vagal escape occurs when the vagus nerve has been stimulated to the point of the nerve ceasing to repolarize, and then resuming sending action potential for heartbeat. The result is a cease or slowing of heart rate temporarily, and then heart rate starting up again. When atropine is applied to the heart along with vagal stimulation, the atropine blocks any response the vagus nerve should send (Sarnoff et al,

I now know that the hypotension is caused by vasodilatation because the sympathetic nerves that control tone are blocked. Peripheral

This study will be comprise two experiments. The animal trials will be conducted at the Experiment Research Station and the laboratory work in the facilities of the Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim. Field studies will not be included.

There are two neurons that link the CNS to the effector organ namely the pre-ganglionic neuron with a cell body in the CNS and a post-ganglionic neuron with a cell body located in an autonomic ganglion. The adrenal medulla is an exception, with it being connected directly to the preganglionic neuron. The main neurotransmitters are acetylcholine (ACh) and adrenaline. Preganglionic neurons for both sympathetic and parasympathetic are cholinergic, Releasing ACh. The ACh released binds to nicotinic receptors on the post-ganglionic neuron. Post-ganglionic neurons are also cholinergic in the parasympathetic, releasing ACh. This ACh bind to muscarinic receptors in target organs. However, the sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons are noradrenergic, releasing

In this experiment we will be dealing with two chemicals that intend to inhibit a nerve impulse.

• vagus nerves- carry a wide assortment of signals to and from the brain, and they are responsible for a number of instinctive responses in the body.