Anthrax Research Paper

Smallpox was most commonly brought to America during the eighteenth century by English immigrants or recently

Shortly after the horrifying terrorist attack of 9/11 on the United States, the country was hit with a bioterrorist attack called Anthrax. This agent is extremely dangerous and was a serious threat to the government and country. Anthrax spores are typically found in nature and can last for a long time in the environment when produced in a lab. These spores are known as the silent killer because they can be released without anyone knowing, and can be placed in multiple places such as in food and water. The spores are extremely small and hard to detect.

there are somany what if's possibilities that could've happened while shipping it. Plane could've crashed and blew up with live anthrax being every where the plane crashed and whoever is the town the plane crashed in will be affected by it.

The most commonly used disease used as a weapon is Anthrax. Anthrax is a deadly disease that infects your skin and internal body organs. Anthrax can be caused by contact, inhalation and injection. Symptoms that are caused are skin blisters, fever, chest pain, shortage of breath, nausea and vomiting. 95% of cases are skin infections. Depending on the form of infection death can be as high as an 80% chance. Most common causes of infection are when animals eat infected plants and humans eat the infected animals . The deadliest bio weapon is Smallpox. Smallpox is an mass killing infection that has crazy symptoms and a high death rate. Symptoms include bumps all over the skin with a thick and opaque fluid often with a depression or dimple in the

Along with B. anthracis there has also been evidence of Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus cereus in the contaminants (7). Prior to 2009 there had only been one reported case of injectional anthrax, where a person had died in Norway. From December 2009 to December 2010 there were over 100 diagnosed cases across Germany and United Kingdom alone (7). Between June 2012 and August 2013 there has been a further 28 deaths across Europe from injectional anthrax (7,8).

The earliest appearance of Anthrax occurred around 700 BC mostly affecting cattle, sheep, horses, and oxen. The people of Egypt and Mesopotamia at the time called it the 5th plague and the name Anthrax derives from the word coal, similar to the black skin leisures it produces. The first clinical cases of Anthrax were described around 1752 and 1769 by Maret and Fournier respectively (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Scientist Robert Koch was the first to study Bacillus anthracis in a clinical setting, in 1877 he developed the first microbial etiology. It was in the 1800’s that Anthrax was titled the “woolsorters disease” due to its relation with animal hair or wool from sheep (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). Bacillus anthracis is an aerobic, spore-forming, nonmotile, monomorphic bacteria with little to no genetic diversity. Anthrax spores are able to lay dormant for long periods of time allowing it to survive more than 40 years in the soil, 80 years in a vial, and 200 years in bones (Friedlander, 336). Bacillus anthracis is therefore known as a risk-group 3 organism (Agren et al., 2014). This is part of what makes Anthrax such a risk, but more commonly Anthrax contamination in the soil only lasts for a few months and rarely for more than a few years when microbial competition exists in that soil (Friedlander, 336).

Anthrax is dangerous and deadly poison. It can be found in soil and wild animals. The attack of Anthrax took place on October 2001. Contact with anthrax can cause serious illness in humans and animals. Anthrax is not contagious, even though you get infected with anthrax when spores get into the body. Antibiotics can cure the disease. On October 2001, there was heavy pressure from the President to solve the Anthrax Files. In addition, they had two suspects for the Anthrax crime and FBI’s were sure that the second suspect was guilty.

The environmental pathogen I chose from the California Code of Regulations, Title 17 is anthrax. The anthrax genus is Bacillus and the species is anthracis, it is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacillus. The methods of identification for anthrax are three different types the first one is a skin lesion that has evolved over 2 to 6 days from a papule, through a vesicular stage to a depressed black eschar, with considerable swelling around the lesion. The second one is a respiratory illness of abrupt onset followed by the development of dyspnoea progressing to hypoxia, with X-ray evidence of mediastinal widening. The third identification of anthrax is abdominal distress that is followed by fever and signs of septicaemia which is rare and 90% of cases are cutaneous anthrax. The incubation period for anthrax for cutaneous is typically 1 day, for inhalational is within 7 days although incubation periods up to 60 days are possible, and gastrointestinal is usually for 3 to 7 days. The reservoir for anthrax is soil, infected animals such as sheep’s, goat’s horses, and pigs. The mode of transmission for anthrax is when humans handle or consume products from infected animals, from being bitten by flies who have fed or infected animals, by inhaling anthrax spores or through cuts and abrasions that become infected with contaminated soil. The symptoms of anthrax are high fever, chills, or night sweats. Flu-like symptoms and sore throat followed by difficulty in swallowing, enlarged

The incubation period of anthrax is typically 1-6 days. Taking into account that the first case was reported on November 4th, the FBI made the assumption that the outbreak most likely occurred within the previous 3 days. With this in mind, they asked all the patients where they had been and what they were doing from November 1st through November 3rd. With this information they were able to make a shocking connection. It was discovered that all individuals who were exposed to the air bourn spores were in or around one of the following places on November 2, 2016 from 7AM- 2:30PM: First Watch- Keystone, 3309 E 86th St, Indianapolis, IN 46240, Lincoln Square Pancake House, 2330 N Meridian St, Indianapolis, IN 46208, and Hotcakes Emporium Pancake House & Restaurant, 6845 Bluff Rd, Indianapolis, IN

If someone were to get infected, symptoms show from anywhere from two days to two months. Once these symptoms occur, there really isn’t much the person can do other than going to see the doctor for several reasons. For example, if a person inhales spores, then the Anthrax spores become active in the lungs and start to produce deadly toxins that if not treated quickly can lead to death. A person who has contracted Anthrax, should change his daily habits only to minimize the risk of other people also contracting it, they can do this by again admitting themselves to hospital care and/or letting other people know that they have Anthrax and to keep distance as they might be contaminated with spores. Currently there is effective treatment available

Bacillus anthracis is a large rod shaped bacterium that infects warm-blooded animals such as sheep, pigs, cattle and other herbivorous livestock. Infecting these

Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease that commonly gets caught by animals, especially herbivores such as goats, cattle, sheep horses and deer. This infection is caused by a bacteria called Bacillus Anthracis. Bacillus Anthrax are the form of bacteria that cause infection. Under the microscope Bacillus Anthracis look like gram-positive, rod-shapes. Anthrax organisms are found in a form called spores which live in the soil. Spores have been known to survive in the soil for a period of 48 years. These spores are round, oval, very hard-shelled and difficult to destroy.

Anthrax, an infectious disease that is extremely deadly, is caused by a Gram-positive, spore forming bacterium known as Bacillus anthracis. Herbivores are mainly infected with this bacterium, which eventually infects humans when they are exposed to contaminated animal products. Anthrax enters the human body via different routes; cutaneous, gastrointestinal and inhalation.

Vaccinations played a substantial role in the eradication of smallpox. Before its eradication in 1980, smallpox was a terror that effected many people. Of those who contracted the disease, 30% died. Most of the people who survived had deep, pit-like scars for the rest of their lives (“Smallpox Disease Overview”). In 1751, London alone reported 3,538 deaths due to smallpox (“All Timelines Overview”). Edward Jenner, an English country doctor, developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796. Jenner used the pus from cowpox sores to build up immunity to smallpox. Cowpox is a relatively harmless disease that was common among milkmaids of Jenner’s day. Following Jenner’s success, use of the vaccination quickly spread across the world. In the late 1960’s, the World Health Organization (WHO) began to push for eradication using mass vaccination of individuals in epidemic countries. Due to the plans used by WHO and other organizations smallpox was eradicated. The only samples that exist are kept in high security labs in Atlanta, Georgia and Novosibirsk, Siberia. Had eradication

In 1881, Louis Pasteur furthered the evolution of vaccinology, the study of vaccines, by creating the first Anthrax and Rabies vaccines (“A Brief History,” 2015).