Antibody Aka Research Papers

Antibodies are involved in the immune response. They're made up of two light polypeptide chains and two heavy polypeptide chains bonded together. Antibodies have a variable region which acts in a similar way to the active site of an enzyme. Each antibody has a variable region that is the complementary shape for a particular antigen and

a. Antibodies allow scientists to target and identify specific disease agents because they bind to antigens to counteract them. The more antigens you have, the more antibodies you have, the more the of the virus/bacteria that there is in you.

An antigen is anything in the body the is non self which could include bacteria, viruses, chemicals or abnormal cell growth.

What is DNA? DNA is a molecule that carries and stores all of the genetic information that makes up an organism. Every organism has DNA, and everyone’s is different. No two people have the same DNA, not even identical twins. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and is composed of a sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and 4 nitrogenous bases, which when all correctly formed together create a double helix shape.

DNA is a molecule that converts an organisms genetic blueprint. Every person’s body has the same DNA. Apportion of your DNA is located in the cells nucleus, but a small portion of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria. The DNA structure is very important because it defines who we are and how we look. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar. human DNA have 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same as in all the humans in the world. DNA is a nucleic acid; proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules for all known

Humoral immunity helps the body protect itself, the humoral immune response is by antibody molecules that are secreted by plasma cells. They produced antibodies that target foreign material in the blood stream that is seen as potentially dangerous, marking it for destruction. B-lymphocytes play a major role humoral immunity, they help the immune system in the fight against infections because of antigen presenting cells. They are the class of immune cells that synthesize antibodies and are responsible for humoral immunity. When the antibodies react with millions of potential antigens, the immune system does not have full capacity to create antibodies that react with millions of antigens.

Humoral immunity is characterized by secretion of proteins called antibodies, which immobilize and block the ability of pathogen to infect the host cells in additon of promoting the ingestion by phagocytes. Antibodies are secreted by B-lymphocytes, which are derived from bone marrow and on activation of antigen differentiate into plasma cells known for their ability of antibody secretion. Humoral immunity is defense mechanisam used against extracellular microbes and toxins, since antibodies can bind to them and assist in their elimination. Antibodies are specific for antigens found on microbes and, as previously said, recognize fine differences between the

Chromosome A structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, which carry genetic information in the form of genes.

The immune system is a barrier within the human body. This barrier defends the body from pathogenic microorganisms and prevents damage from occurring within the body. The immune system is sub-divided into two parts: innate (non-specific) immunity and acquired (specific) immunity.

2. Antibodies are Y shaped gamma globulin proteins found in the blood or lymph tissue. They are made by B cells as an immune defense against foreign antigens. Each antibody binds to a specific antigen. A Genome is a set of DNA. An Antigen is a foreign molecule which triggers the production of antibodies by the immune system. Every human has an Adaptive Immune System and an Innate Immune system.

The immune system is composed of many types of cells, such as T cells and B cells, which are cells that defend your body from foreign substrates. When

DNA is the term that is used in biology, as well as several other parts of your everyday life. We all know that DNA is a part of our bodies, but may wonder what exactly is DNA. DNA which is also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material of a cell. DNA is considered to be the molecule of life, and aides in the determination of our physical characteristics. DNA is present in all living organisms.

There are a lot of antibodies in our body. However, we seem not too much about it. We just simply remember that it is Y shape structure and it can fight the antigens. Therefore, we want to look more deeply about this topic to know how antibody can be produced and how it can produce a large number of antibodies. In this study, we will review the antibodies in different areas: Structure of antibody, ways of affecting the diversity of antibodies and mechanisms for generate antibodies and how to let it be specific. Moreover, we have a future direction for antibody technology development to talk a little bit for this area.

For the immune system to able to keep us healthy it needs to be able to recognise what is a danger to our body and therefore needs to be removed, and what is safe. Proteins are used to do this. Pathogens have proteins on their surface called antigens, which activate the immune system. Our own cells also have surface proteins which the immune system recognises as part of the body and therefore doesn’t attack. (1)

A vaccine is a basically biological preparation that provides acquired immunity to a specific disease. A vaccine contains specific antigen that produce specific antibodies It is often made from weak or killed forms of the microorganism. The antigens stimulate the body's immune system to recognize the specific agent as a alarm, work against it, and keep its memory it so that the immune system can more easily work and destroy these specific microorganisms. Vaccines is prophylactic used in most of the conditions. (23)