Applications Of Msc Essay

49). In this light, the MSCs produce numerous bioactive molecules which facilitate tissue repair in different pathways. For instance, elevated secretion of cytokines after hUCMSC injections can increase the repairing ability of injured myocardium. Therefore, boosting the secretion and expression of tissues for repair purposes like cytokines is likely the underlying mechanism for the therapeutic properties of intramuscular injection of hUCMSCs. It is also noteworthy that exploiting the paracrine properties of MSCs averts the risks involved in intramyocardial and intracoronary

More specifically, the body recognizes the antigen proteins on the connective tissues as damaged tissue or foreign bodies. As a result, the autoimmune system goes into its defense mode which is a hyperactive state. In this state, it produces an excess of antibodies and growth factors. Growth factors are a hormone or substance that is required to stimulate growth or synthesis in cells. The specific chemicals that are produced are cytokines and chemokines. Furthermore, cytokines and chemokines which are produced in the blood are the chemical growth factors that assist with scar tissue repair by defending the body. It does this by stimulating the

TGF-beta: promotes wound healing at the end of a response; comes from most immune cells or

When tissue injury occurs, a network of chemical signals activate a host response which is designed to protect and heal the damaged tissues (i.e. inflammation) (Coussens & Werb, 2002). This process involves the activation and migration of leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils) to the site of damage as well as recruitment of tissue mast cells (Coussens & Werb, 2002). Additionally, this inflammatory response involves migration of macrophage progenitors, which travel through the venous system to the site of injury. This migratory process is directed to the site of tissue damage by a host of chemotactic factors, among these are cytokines including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and

Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells that play an important role in the wound healing process. These cells are responsible for releasing inflammatory agents that recruit white blood cells to areas of damaged tissue. Fibroblasts also respond to these chemicals and differentiate into myofibroblasts. These myofibroblasts are characterized by their up-regulated rate of extracellular matrix component production and their ability to physically manipulate the extracellular matrix. When the wound healing process becomes unregulated, this results in what is referred to as a fibrotic response (Kendall). As a result fibrosis, or the thickening and scarring of connective tissues, occurs. Fibrosis is the excess deposition of ECM components like collagen and

“Through the isolation and manipulation of cells, scientists are finding ways to identify young, regenerating ones that can be used to replace damaged of dead cells in diseased organs. This therapy is similar to the process of organ transplant, only the treatment consists of the transplantation of cells rather than organs. The cells that have shown by far the most promise of supplying diseased organs with healthy cells are called stem cells.” (Chapter Preface)

The structure of a malignant tumour is not as solid as regular tissue, in terms of cellular adhesion, and it is easier for these cells to become detached from one another. The newly formed vasculature structures are tortuous,

“Growth factors, cytokines, proteases, (3) as well as cellular and extracellular elements all play vital roles at different junctures of the healing process.” Modifications in one or several of these constituents might account for the impaired healing observed in non-healing wounds.

To increase the number of SCs to aid in repair, an in vitro derivation of SCs is proposed by Cai et al, by using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells. BMSCs are multipotent cells that are capable of differentiating into

Injury to the endothelial cells will then decrease production of NO and this will enable the accumulation of lipids. As the build-up progress and permeability decreases, macrophages infiltration and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines occur. The damage caused by oxidation causes a compensatory response which increases the endothelial adhesiveness to leukocytes and platelets via cell adhesion molecule upregulation. Circulating monocytes and leukocytes initially bind cell adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface, but chemokines are required for recruitment into the subendothelial space. Once monocytes enter the subendothelial space, they may mature into macrophages leading to formation of foam cells and then eventually to the appearance of “fatty streaks” in the arteries. As lesion severity progresses into a fibroatheroma, macrophages, T-cells and mast cells penetrate the cap edges and stimulate the production and movement of vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells contribute to plaque growth through producing pro-inflammatory cytokines that attract and activate leukocytes, generate VSMC proliferation, express adhesion molecules that

Advancements in medical technology has allowed for a new understanding of stem cells and further developments in research. The use of stem cells in regenerative medicine may hold significant benefits for those suffering from degenerative diseases. To avail such advancements in stem cell research could see the alleviation or complete cure of afflictions that take the lives of millions worldwide each year. (McLaren, 2001) A stem cell 1 is able differentiate into any somatic cell found in the human body, including those identical to itself.

I’m not here to make excuses nor am I writing this with intentions to earn sympathy. If there’s one thing I want the reader to get out of this, it’s that I’ve come a long way not only academically, but as a human being.

Transplantation based therapies are another area where stem cell use could eventually change the process entirely, even though this method of therapy is already seen and widely used. Lauren Pecorino explains in her article “Stem Cells for Cell Based Therapies” that stem cells offer the chance “to transplant a live source for self-regeneration” (7). This is already seen in many treatments like bone marrow transplants which often result in eliminating a commonly known blood cell cancer,

I am a girl from a small rural community, in Western Prince Edward Island with dreams bigger than the Island itself. To achieve my dreams and ambitions, I need help, and I believe that not only will I be a perfect fit for Mount Allison and its community, but also Mount Allison and its’ community will also be a perfect fit to me. I come from a low income household, raised by my single mother, having nothing in life handed to me; I have worked very hard to be eligible for post secondary schooling both in regards to my financial situation and my academic studies.

MSCs are a heterogeneous subgroup of stromal stem cells. According to International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) in 2007, they have three unique features: