Atrovent's Drug Therapy Case

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, which requires treatment using bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Inhalation route is the most direct and efficient way to deliver high amount of drugs to the airways with least systematic side effects. Improper use of the inhaler device is one of the most common reasons for poor asthma control as it can reduce effectiveness and the amount of drugs reaches to the airways (AL-Jahdali et al. 2013). SIGN (2016) and NICE (2013) recommend that when initiate any new inhaler, patients should be trained on proper inhaler

these medications didn’t perform very well. As well as the criteria, individual and ethical decisions

Ventolin is a name brand, prescription medication that is prevalent among asthmatics. Its molecular structure is referred to as salbutamol and is sold with both enantiomers of the molecule in a racemic mixture. Ventolin is used to treat asthma, exercise-induced bronchospasms and even help with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders (COPDs). This medication can be administered or taken with an inhaler, nebulizer, pill or even an intravenous solution. In order for this medication to take effect and induce bronchodilation, it must undergo a series of steps. For the purpose of exhibiting the use of Ventolin, we will analyze its use via inhaler, on a person having an asthma attack.

As I have mentioned, inhaled nitric oxide, epoprostenol, iloprost, and sildenafil are the common treatment for pulmonary hypertension that I would encounter in the hospital where I am currently employed. Nitric oxide and iloprost are administered through inhalation, epoprostenol by continuous intravenous infusion, and sildenafil is taken orally. The main advantage of inhaled route for the treatment of PH is the direct delivery of drug to the target organ thus, reducing the systemic side effects (Hill, Preston, & Roberts, 2015). It also improves the gas exchange by dilating the vessels supplying the ventilated areas (Hill et al., 2015).

1345). Higher levels of albuterol may be detected, when comparing blood work in individuals who have had large doses of albuterol using an HFA inhaler compared to in individual who had received large doses using a CFC inhaler (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1346). Also, some HFA inhalers can be made without the use of other substances (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1347).  For example, Ventolin HFA is made with just albuterol sulfate and HFA (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1347).  The lack of ingredients allows for better tolerability by patients (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p. 1347). Also, excess doses in the devices have more consistent drug doses in HFA inhalers than the CFC inhalers (Hendeles, Colice, & Meyer, 2007, p.

“Drugs are bad for you,” a constant reminder everyone is told from the day they are born to the day that they die. As a child one doesn’t understand why drugs are bad; he just knows not to do them. Growing up some people begin to realize: although it’s against the law some people are still going to find a way to get them. There are good and beneficial drugs, and then there are drugs that are bad and malignant. One of the commonly misunderstood benefitting drug is Marijuana. In today’s society, most children and teens are taught to believe that any drug is a bad and most drugs can be. Marijuana, in contrast, is healthier and more beneficial than what society gives it credit for.

58-62). Albuterol is a short acting, and intended for use only in acute episodes of breathlessness. Duncan (2015) states “only 1 in 10 patients with a metered dose inhaler uses the correct technique” (p. 175). Therefore, especially with Albuterol HFA, it is important to teach both patients and their support persons the proper technique in using this inhaler with a spacer. Furthermore, it is important this teaching takes place at a time when the patient is not having an acute episode of breathlessness to ensure information is understood. Teach back, where a patient repeats back what they have just learn, is an effective method for ensuring correct inhaler technique.

The main goal in the treatment of asthma in elderly is to gain control of the asthma, or being able to live with asthma as an elderly person (Antonelli- Incalzi, 2010). Inhaled methods are the best way to administer drugs dealing asthma. But in elderly patient the inhaled methods can be difficult to take because of strength of patient or over all mental health of patient. Nebulizers and inhalers are a way that certain drugs can be given to the patients. As long as the patients have the strength to administer the drugs. (Antonelli- Incalzi, 2010).If the patients do not have the strength to give themselves the inhaler or nebulizer the patients go undertreated. Treatment can be as simple as removing the patients from the situations or allergies that cause that patient to get worse. (Antonelli- Incalzi, 2010). This can often be the most difficult thing for the patients to understand, when the allergens that are causing their symptoms have been a part of their lives for a long time. Educating the patients on these simple steps can do wonders on the status of their asthma. Prevent trips to the doctor, emergency situations and sometimes death. Treatment and preventive measures go hand in hand. There is no point in knowing anything about the treatment of asthma in elderly patients if the patients are not doing anything to help prevent

Their main use can be split into three categories. First, there are poisons, such as strychnine and

The fast action is to start oxygen and bronchodilators. Give both albuterol and ipratropium bromide. Also, stick to nebulizers for patients.

Drug therapy implies the treatment and prevention of CVDs and involves a variety of broadly acting classes of drugs. Here, we provided a brief description of a select number of commonly used drugs that are used in the treatment of CVDs. Anticoagulants, blood thinners such as heparin, decrease the clotting ability of blood. Although, anticoagulants may prevent clotting, they do not dissolve existing blood clots. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors dilate blood vessels and thereby decreases vascular resistance, which allows blood to flow more easily and relieves effort on the heart. These drugs can effectively be used to treat conditions such as high blood pressure and heart failure. Angiotensin-2 Receptor Antagonists (ARBs ) equilibrate heart and blood vessels and prevent an increase in blood pressure. In addition, ARBs are also used to treat high blood

Current drug treatments are limited to those which only offer symptomatic relief that may not be seen in all patients rather than treatments which target and slow disease progression (Anand, Gill & Mahdi 2014; Nelson & Tabet 2015). Only two types of drugs have been approved for the symptomatic treatment of AD, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEIs) and ¬N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonists (Anand, Gill & Mahdi 2014; Nelson & Tabet 2015). There are three approved AChEIs, Donepezil (Aricept), Rivastigmine (Exelon) and Galantamine (Razadyne), along with a fourth cholinesterase inhibitor Tacrine which is no longer readily used due to hepatotoxicity (Watkins et al. 1994) and one NMDA, Memantine (Namenda) (Nelson & Tabet 2015).

Bedaquiline: In 2012, 28th of December, US FDA granted the approval of Johnson and Jhonson’s drug bedaquiline formerly known as TM207 or R207910 for treating resistant cases prevalently in India, China and Eastern Europe. The diarylquinoloine classed moiety hinders the proton pump of mycobacterial Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) synthase enzyme, which is a crucial enzyme for ATP synthesis of the bacilli. The moiety targets the oligomeric and proteolipic subunit C of the enzyme leading to the cease of ATP synthesis subsequently death of the targeted cell. Besides these another approach for its mode of action has been depicted, i.e., it also binds to the epsilon subunit of the F0F1 ATP synthase of the bacilli. The best eye

The History, Use, and Effectiveness of Medicinal Drugs I. The History, Use, and Effectiveness of Medicinal Drugs A. Introduction (Pg's 1-2) II. Aspirin (Pg's 3-6) A. Its Origin B. Dosages C. Relative Effectiveness D. Side Effects E. Alternate Treatment III. Sulfa Drugs (Pg's 7-10) A. Its Origin B. Dosages C. Relative Effectiveness D. Side Effects

“100 people die from drug overdoses every day in the United States.”(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 12, 2011) this statistic is decently high, as it means that for every one hundred thousand people in the United States, about twelve die per day due to high doses of prescription painkillers. The method for controlling these substances varies from extreme control to very lenient, allowing them to be misused, stolen, and in a rare case prescribed unnecessarily. Usually, the system in place can protect people with good sensibilities, by making the prescriptions require a refill as given by their doctor. However this does not stop all possibilities, and can be a problem if the medications are stolen or lost, causing the patient to lack the drugs in an emergency. The system can be improved upon, with more regular doctor visits, and policy changes to how prescriptions are handled in general.