Bio 201 Lab 9

Please answer these questions then place them in the drop box for this lab. Use Microsoft word if possible.

16. In bone structure, the cortex can best be described as which of the following?

A. Which of the four major areas of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum and brain stem) was obviously much larger in the human brain in the diagram than in the sheep brain? Why do these structures differ so dramatically?

Movement of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically: in the frontal lobe, the premotor cortex is relaying instructions to the primary motor cortex. The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5-C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the axillary nerve is derived. The axillary nerve’s motor end innervates the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction.

Write a brief description of the three slides (Neuron, Spinal Cord Smear and C.S of Myelinated Nerve Fibers) as though you were explaining it to someone who cannot see the slide.

On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus).

For each of the following diagnostic test results, note which specific segment of the spinal cord would have to be damaged to create those symptoms. (include right and left sides in your analysis). (2pts)

Medial Lateral Bilateral Ipsilateral Contralateral Proximal Distal Superficial Deep Body Sections Sagittal Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Body Regions See Figure 1.17 Chapter Two Chemistry Matter Element Major elements Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Atom Subatomic

b.) What is the role of cortical brain regions (i.e., cerebellum, the anterior cingulate cortex, the supplementary motor area, and the right frontal operculum)

VII) Describe how the shape of the thalamus and brainstem reflect the presence of impinging cortical structures along the antero-posterior axis. Describe the difference between sheep and human brains.

• Examine the outer surface of the brain and locate the dura matter (the outer toughest layer of the brain). • Remove the dura matter. • Place the brain on dissecting tray and position its ventral surface upward. Identify olfactory nerve, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord. • Position the brain with its ventral surface down and identify cerebral hemispheres, cerebral lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), cerebellum, longitudinal fissure, and transverse fissure.

2. (6 pts) Turn your head to the right. (Create a table* that describes which muscles move which bones across which joints under the control of which nerves)

The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, each of which are specialised for certain behaviours — called the right and left cerebral hemispheres. When it comes to intended actions such as walking or hitting a ball, the right hemisphere controls the left side of your body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. The right side of the brain specialises in visual imagery and spatial abilities, whereas the left side of the brain dominates in logical abilities and language.

Cerebellum and Medulla:
In general, the cerebellum is responsible for controlling motor movement and muscle coordination. The cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain — and regulates motor movements. The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements including posture, balance and speech, which are factors that provide for smooth movement and activity. In addition, the cerebellum is responsible for motor learning. This means that it is responsible for learning an individual movement or action and facilitates the development of it. 

The brain stem is the stem-like part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. The medulla has many basic functions, including the regulation of heart rate,

Provide a summary of the structures of the basal ganglia and related subcortical nuclei. Describe 2-3 disorders which occur as a result of damage to this area of the brain.

First, inspect the head and heck when obtaining the objective data. The scalp, hair, and cranium should are reviewed for any deformities, lumps, or tenderness. Secondly, review the face for any changes to facial expression, symmetry, or involuntary movements. Any changes in the face may be a reflection of problem to Cranial Nerve 7. Next is the assessment of the temporal artery and the mandibular joint. The patient will open and close their mouth at least twice to ensure there are no deficiencies in this area. Lastly, is the observation of the maxillary and frontal sinuses and inspect for any swelling or tenderness.