Lab 4: Enzymes

5. Explain why proteases are secreted in an inactive state and describe the means by which proteases are activated in the stomach and small intestine. – The enzymes protease, amylase and lipase, are potent enzymes that are capable of digesting the pancreatic cells- a process called autodigestion. To protect themselves from autodigestion in case the digestive enzymes accidentally get turned on, pancreatic cells produce enzymes in inactive form called zymogens, which are stored in membrane-bound sacks called zymogen granules. Enteropeptidase (also called enterokinase) is an enzyme produced by cells of the duodenum

We eat all types of food everyday, we have one important tool that we use to break down food which is enzymes. Digestion starts once food is chewed with saliva found in our mouths. Saliva contains all kinds of enzymes and there are hundreds types of enzymes in terms of breaking down food such as amylase,

Explain expediency and benefits of their intake and excretionThe digestion of carbohydrate begins in the mouth, and then the salivary gland moistens the food as the food is chewed. The salivary glands have an enzyme called amylase. The amylase is a catalyst that helps in the breakdown of polysaccharides Carbohydrate food. After eating the carbohydrate food into pieces with the help of amylase, it is swallowed to the stomach (chyme) through the oesophagus, at chyme, no digestion takes place. The salivary amylase stops action, and the stomach produces acid that destroys any bacteria. From the stomach, the chyme enters the small intestine (duodenum), the pancreas releases an enzyme called pancreatic amylase that helps in the splitting of polysaccharide into disaccharide. The small intestine t produces maltase, lactase, sucrose. These are enzymes that aids in splitting the disaccharides into monosaccharides.How did the carbohydrate, fats, and proteins differ in digestion process? Explain suitability and benefits of their intake and excretion. (Atoba, MA 1988) The intestinal bacteria help in digesting carbohydrates that refused to digest like other carbohydrates or excreted with faces.Example of carbohydrate foods are bread,Paste,

Upon the completion of this lab, students will be able to perform the following tasks:

I will be using the following items, to test for the experiment for testing the impact of low pH levels on enzymes:

In the digestion process, carbohydrates are digested from the mouth by the enzyme by salivary amylase, in the stomach there isn't much further break down until when it gets to the small intestines. Every sugar requires its enzyme to digest it, for example maltose requires maltase so lactose requires lactase. Lactase enzyme is naturally produced by cells in the small intestine lining; it breaks lactose into its simple sugars which are glucose and galactose. It cannot be absorbed in its complex state.

The stomach is an influential organ within the digestive system that converts the entered bolus into a semi-liquid paste like substance called chyme before it progresses further into the small intestine. This process is attained through the interplay of stomach muscles which churn the food and the mixture of gastric acid, mucus and digestive enzymes. There are numerous substances found in the stomach which contribute to the digestive process such as parietal cells that create hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, exocrine cells that produce mucus, chief cells and G cells. These substances aid in the chemical digestion process which represents the chemical alteration of larger molecules into its smaller subunits. Among the various substances,

Pepsin is a protease and it is also the primary gastric enzyme. Its main function is “to break down proteins into peptides and eventually into individual amino acids, which are small and easily absorbed in the small intestine.” (4) Amino acids are important because they play a major role in transporting and storing nutrients. Additionally, the pancreas, which is a part of our digestive system, also secretes pancreatic lipase. As its name suggests, lipase “degrades complex fat (or lipid) into simple soluble fatty acids and glycerol molecules.” (4) Fatty acids also serve as one form of energy storage in our cells. Therefore, after being split by lipase, fatty acids provide energy for us to perform daily activities such as walking, running, and working

Enzymes, such as amylase, allow the chemical reactions that take place inside the body of a plant, animal, or human. Some enzymes are dedicated to maintaining the immune system where it protects a person against diseases around them such as tobacco smoke. Enzyme is in the diet and contains enzymes in foods that we have digested and are already in the body. “The digestive glands secrete juices containing enzymes that break down nutrients chemically into smaller molecules that are more easily absorbed by the body” (“Enzymes” Science of Everyday Thing). When amylase enters saliva, the procedure of breaking down carbohydrates into sugars begins to occur. Then the stomach will start to produce pepsin, which helps digest proteins while food is in

When your lab report is complete, submit this document to your instructor in your assignment box.

what’s called enzymes that help assist in the digestion process and along with the hormones that

The pancreas contains exocrine and endocrine functions that together allow for proper homeostasis and digestion to occur in the human body. The pancreas contains exocrine glands that produce enzymes that are crucial to aiding in digestion. The enzymes that help digest food include: trypsin and chymotrypsin, along with amylase an enzyme located in the mandibular ramus that helps digest carbohydrates, and lipase that is located posterior to the tongue, which aids in digesting lipids. When the foods enter the stomach, pancreatic juices are released from the ducts. The pancreatic duct is connected to the common bile duct which is at proximately to the location of the small intestine. There are both pancreatic juices and bile that are released from the ducts onto the

“Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and the duodenum through the action of three main enzymes” (Boundless). One is pepsin which is secreted by the stomach, and trypsin and chymotrypsin, which is secreted by the pancreas. “These enzymes break down food proteins into polypeptides, which are then broken down by various exopeptidases and dipeptidases into amino acids.” (Boundless). The digestive enzymes are secreted mainly as their inactive precursors, the zymogens. Trypsin is secreted by the pancreas in the form of trypsinogen. Which is activated in the duodenum by enterokinase to form trypsin. Trypsin then cleaves proteins to smaller polypeptides. Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver. Niacin, B6 and

In the article paper by Dr. David Jockers, it lists some key enzymes for improving digestion. They include lactose, maltose, amylase, cellulose, glucoamylase, alphagalactosidase and sucrose. These specific enzymes help reduce inflammation in the gut. The paper also mentions proteolytic enzymes, also called protease, proteinase, or peptidase. They are necessary to metabolize protein molecules into amino acids. They break the long chainlike molecules of proteins into shorter fragments and eventually into their components, amino acids.

The food then arrives at the stomach in a few seconds. In the stomach secretions there are protein-digesting enzymes (proteases), hydrochloric acid, and mucus. However the major enzyme pepsin is secreted in an inactive form, pepsinogen, to stop it from digesting the cells that produce it. Pepsinogen is activated in the stomach in the presence of hydrochloric acid which is the acid in the stomach that helps digest food. It also helps create the correct environment for the enzymes to function at their best. The mucus lubricates the food, and protects the lining of the stomach wall from being digested