Biological Changes Associated With Later Adulthood

Of course, the ability to adapt to their condition that may influenced by one’s cultural, social, and psychological factors along with the concepts of self-image, self-worth, and health expectations (Norton, 2007).

At the age of 53, as a member of the growing older population, there has been many occupational changes throughout my life. An individual never realizes how a passage from one state, stage, subject, or place to another change the body and mind. Every day is a battle mentally and physically to complete the tasks of the day. Exercise has been a powerful reliever of pain for the body and soul. People face many diverse challenges and changes across the span of a life and occupational therapy can take actions to improve a situation, especially with medical disorders.

Some effects on the individual include permanent change in functioning, dysfunction of their roles (parent, friend, sibling, etc), and a change in values and goals.

“The skin is the largest, most visible, and most complicated of the body systems. In an average adult, it covers more than 3,000 square inches and weighs about six pounds. It is served by one third of all the blood circulating the body” (Saxon, 2010, p. 17).The skin has many functions in which one needs in order to stay healthy and living. The skin protects the underlying tissues and structures of one’s body, and prevents them from drying or obtaining an excessive loss of water and electrolytes. It also regulates the temperatures in the body through mechanisms such as sweating and shivering. Acting as a physical, chemical, and biological barrier, the skin protects from harmful bacteria and foreign substances contacting with the body. Most importantly,

show several aging-dependent changes such as changes in anatomy and function in identified neurons [8], behavioral changes [9,10], expression of mRNAs [11], and neurotransmitter regulation [12]. (2) A simple and well-studied nervous system and behavioral repertoire to facilitate the study of neurological and behavioral correlates of aging at the level of single neurons and circuits. (3) Two learning assays (Sensitization and Habituation of the GWR) proposed in this study are well studied and show age dependent decline [9]. (4) Importantly, neural circuitry underlying GWR has been identified [5]. Neurons of Aplysia GWR offer several advantages. In contrast to Drosophila, C. elegans or mammalian neurons, those of Aplysia are gigantic, allowing relatively easy study of cell-specific changes during aging. Importantly the presynaptic sensory (LESN) and postsynaptic motor (L7MN) neurons of the GWR circuitry can be easily identified (Fig 1) and manipulated. Sensitization of GWR result in growth of new synaptic connections, whereas habituation induces retraction of synapses. Thus, the experimental system allows for precise measurements of electrophysiological, morphological and molecular changes to address the specific aims of this proposal. (5) As described in the “Significance” section it is important to recognize that many concepts that are central to our overall understanding of the LTM were established using Aplysia [5, 13-17;18-23]. Therefore it is expected that

My DRI varied from my current age, to being a ten year old school ager and finally ninety year old elderly women. My recommended daily intake didn’t change much between my current self, compared to my elderly self. But it did look like I did look like I could lessen my calorie intake with my fiber and carbohydrates. But with my ten year old self it showed that I needed more fat total K calories. As I aged, changes occurred in my body that could affect my nutritional needs. The aging process affects my body's absorption of many nutrients. For example, I’m less able to absorb nutrients such as calcium. My body also excretes, and eliminates, more nutrients.

With aging, there are natural changes that occur in the body, these changes affect they way the body response to pharmaceuticals. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of many drugs decrease, requiring that doses of some drugs be adjusted. As we age our small bowel surface area decrease, our gastric emptying becomes delayed and our gastric acid pH increases, all of these changes change the drug absorption by the body. Similarly metabolism of pharmaceuticals is also affected because as we age our hepatic metabolism decreases, along with the first-pass metabolism. In addition, the most important pharmacokinetic change worth mentioning that associated with aging is decreased renal elimination of drugs. With age it's common to have a lower muscle

The purpose of the article is to address the questions of why people response differently to changes and transitions, what causes the changes, and the implication for helping them to get through those critical moments.

There are many physical shifts that can happen during late adulthood. We will focus on changes that are linked to outward and internal signs of aging, his sexuality, and life expectancy. The first of many losses if physical capabilities. When asked if he noticed any changes in his ability to complete tasks, Poe has notice a change in his ability to complete labor intensive tasks. For example, he says, “I limit my climbing on ladders and working high on roofs and buildings.” This may be an example of primary aging that reflect the inevitable and irreversible changes that occur in late adulthood (541). Many people the physical capabilities of the majority of late adults is a sedentary and slow pace. Although, they may be slower at this transition in development they are not inactive. Furthermore, many late adults maintain an active life style, so much so, they are still capable of the same tasks they enjoyed earlier in life. Also, many who transition into late adulthood experience a change in their energy level compared to when they were younger. Poe is no different he enjoys doing a 5k once a year, and he says this goal keeps him active even when he doesn’t feel like leaving the house. He elaborates that he was be able to do more than this, but now he finds this is what his body lets him do. Similar, a persons internal aging changes as the body systems work at a lower capacity with age. For example, the respiratory is less

In older age (64+) many things happen on the inside and the outside the body. As you hit older age, you will start to notice that many things will happen on the outside of your body. Your hair may start to go grey or you may start to go bald. The hair goes grey because as you get older your hair loses pigment which is the colouring in your hair. Also your skin may lose elasticity; this means your skin may appear to get wrinkles. Your posture may also start to get worse in older age because your shoulders begin to drop and you may start to hunch forward. This will affect your posture.

Hambleton, Swaminathan and Rogers (1991) mentioned that Some Cognitive and psychological factors also affect their

R. Phillip et. al’s study investigated deficits in regarding body movement and verbal emotional processing. The study had participants exposed

There will come a time when one has to come to terms of aging or mid-life crisis. According to Weaver (2009) the major psychological changes occur in childhood. The author also noted that Freud also mentioned that all stages of the psychosexual development are also completed in early childhood (pp.69). Freud and Freud also had differences when it referred to coming of age (Weaver, 2009). Jung saw mid-life not as a crisis, but put the emphasis on growth and maturation (pp.70). Most of the clients that Freudians seen were experiencing neurosis, this put a different perspective on their adjustment to life, while Jung’s patients were socially adaptable (Weaver, 2009). Jung did not see mid- life crisis of balancing the self, social world with a deepening meaning. Jung thought that people of mid-life, were developed, one side, of their life, and now lacks meaning (Weaver, 2009). Now the existentialist view was in contrast with the psychodynamic view and believed that people in this stage of life gravitating towards meanings and values (Frankl, 1967). This was evident of a study done in the 1960 at a Vienna Hospital; it showed that 55% existential frustration and half expressed life are meaningless (Frankl, 1967). Carl Rodgers had some similarities with Frankl’s perspective on mid-life crisis (pp.73). Rodgers looked at it from a humanistic approach, while asking existential question such as; What is my purpose? (pp. 73). Rodgers noted that the process of the coming of self is

Human female breast provides essential neonates nutrition and immunity in milk form. The breast begins to develop during fetal development but the major developmental stages occur after birth i.e. during puberty, pregnancy, lactation and involution. Till puberty, the breast is indistinguishable amongst male and female and grows in a similar beat as the rest of the body.

The first twenty years of one’s life not only holds the most dramatic physical changes, but also extensive changes in the social/emotional and the cognitive stages. Throughout my first twenty years, I have reached the majority of my physical attributes for adulthood. I have gone from a babbling infant to a well educated undergraduate student at a pristine univeristy. I have overcome evolving life circumstances, and I have, in other words, grew up. I plan to use my life experiences along with Laura E. Berk’s psychological research to explain how I have learned to grow and adapt physically, socially, emotionally, and cognitively.