Biological Macromolecule Polyhydroxybutyrate ( Phb )

In fact, many of the major plastics used today began when commissioned to be used for the war effort (Freinkel, 6). When plastic was first brought to The United States, the American people loved it. Not only can plastic imitate other materials, but it is also much more affordable. Overall, plastic is cheap. The leap in plastic produced from the ‘40s until now is extremely substantial. For instance, in 1940 plastic was hardly used, in 1960 a single American used close to 30 pounds of plastic per year, today each individual uses more than 300 pounds of plastic per year (Freinkel, 6). A major impact on the amount of plastic used is directly related to the way Americans, starting in the 1940s, were now able to mass produce plastic products. For instance, a single plastic comb making machine could reproduce ten combs in less than one minute (Freinkel, 22). Overall, plastic is relatively inexpensive and it is made for mass manufacture. Considering this it is east to see why plastic became so popular in the first place, it was a plastic miracle. However, there is a direct relationship between the amount of plastic produced and the amount of plastics that are being polluted into the

Plastics are light and convenient handling, achieving widespread customer acceptance. In general, plastic packing growths fast and posts significant threats of substitution to cans

Australians approximately use 6.9 billion plastic bags per year (Errata Nolan ITU, 2002). The high consumption of plastic bags highlights one outstanding issue. The adverse impact, consumption and disposal of plastic bags have towards the environment. This involves the resources used to make

Do you know that it will take 1000 years for a plastic bag to decompose? Our world is the most friendly planet for human beings and every other living thing. We should never take our planet for granted because there is no other like this one and in order for us to keep our planet safe and sound, we should get rid of plastic bags. The other most effective way to keep our planet safe is to recycle every plastic bottle that we used. Every plastic product should not be thrown to the garbage because plastic bottles will take several decades to decompose in soil.

The plastic around the world is building up to become a huge world problem. Each year eight million tons of plastic

PHA is synthesized by bacteria under natural conditions (up to 30% of the dry weight of the bacteria), and up to 90% polymer by weight in dry bacteria if the fermentation conditions are carefully controlled, limiting oxygen and nitrogen.

The most common polyhydroxyalkanaoate is poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), and this polymer was first discovered by Lemoigne in 1925 by a French scientist[9]. After that time, various bacterial strains such as gram negative bacteria, photosynthetic bacteria, gram positive bacteria, archaebacteria and cyanobacteria (17,18) have been identified to store up poly (3- hydroxybutyrate) both anaerobically and aerobically. In the year 1973, poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) was recognized as a bacterial storage polymer that had a function which was identical to glycogen and starch [9]. About 150 different monomer constituents of PHA has been found till date[3] and a compilation of a large variety of polyhydroxyalkanaoate monomers have been made.

Plastic bags have been used on a daily basis since 1977 (Williamson, 2003) as a means of carrying items such as groceries as they are not only convenient but also cheap. However, the over-use of plastic bags has posed significant threats to the environment in recent times as they are non-biodegradable and also a threat to wildlife. The primary reason for this concern is that plastics bags are not re-used, but simply disposed of in landfills.

Plastic bags cause a massive amount of pollution to the earth. It lets out lots of CO2 into the air with the production of it. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that if let out too much at one time can hurt the planet. Not only do plastic bags produce pollution while being made, but also when they are decomposing. Plastic bags go on to last for up to 10-1000 years. That is possibly 1000 years that a plastic bag goes on to add the huge amount of trash in the world. Although plastic bags take so long to decompose they do eventually break down. Exposure to a lot of sunlight and wind will also speed up the process of the decomposition of plastic bags. The breaking down of plastic bags seems like a good thing, however it is the complete opposite. Plastic bags are broken down into microscopic particles that are toxic. Those toxic particles then go on to hurt the environment. An articles states, “They break down into tiny toxic particles that contaminate the soil and waterways and enter the food chain when animals accidentally ingest them.”. This goes to show that those

We know that nowadays plastic is the one materials that widely used by human in all of the country. Most of our goods become from plastic. The bad news is, plastics wastes that come from our unusable goods end up in the oceans. There are 60% to 80% plastic wastes on the sea are coming from the land and it will cause a big problem to 267 sea species in this world (Moore, Lattin, & Zellers). That one example is more than enough to start recycling our plastic waste. We can start from reduce and reuse first. For reduce example: when we buy something, we should prepare our own bag to put the goods we buy, dispose the waste according to the bin that specially provided for plastic, use a refill bottle for our drink bottle, and prefer a paper bag than plastic bag. How about reuse plastic bag? Some of countries have creative company that selling fine art and use plastic waste as the basic materials. One of the countries that have company like that is Indonesia. Indonesia has a lot of home industry that use plastic waste as their main materials. They make new thing from plastic bottle, such as plastic flower art, windmill toys for children, table lamp, and house accessories. Some schools in Indonesia teach the students how to reuse the plastic waste and make a fine art from it. Reduce and reuse the plastic waste already counted as recycling the plastic waste. Never think

The toxic plastic load on the earth is growing and at this rate will cause a whole range of problems for future generations. Making eco-friendly plastics using raw materials such as

Production of HCN, SD and PS in PGPB are summarized in table 1. Of 650 PGPB screened, production of HCN, SD and PS was detected in 180 (27%), 365 (56%) and 243 (37%) organisms, respectively. In heterotrophs no significant difference was noted between production of HCN, SD and PS. However, production of SD and PS was detected significantly higher in coliforms and Rhizobium spp. when compared to HCN. In Pseudomonas spp. and Azotobacter spp. production of SD was significantly higher number of organism as compared to HCN.

To assemble a macromolecule polymer from monomers, the monomers must bond. This is a process known as a dehydration reaction, in which a water molecule is lost to form the bond. When this process occurs, each of the two bonded monomers provides part of the water molecule that was lost in the dehydration reaction: one contributes a hydroxyl group and the other a hydrogen. Dehydration reaction can take place over and over again, losing a water molecule every time, and forming a chain of monomers: a macromolecule. These macromolecules are disassembled by hydrolysis. This process is the inverse of a dehydration reaction: the covalent bond between the monomers is broken when water is added, a hydrogen attaching to one monomer and a hydroxyl group attaching to the other.

This type of bio-plastic is made up of petroleum. So, this type of bio-plastic also produces CO2 at the time of manufacturing. But this type of bio-plastic degrades automatically in the soil and water within few days to few months depending upon environmental conditions. It helps in waste management, as this type of plastic degrades automatically in the environment and thus no need for incineration process. As per different study reports, when we burn 1 kg of plastic, .670 kg to 4.600 kg of CO2 is produced. This produced CO2 highly depends on environmental conditions and temperature of incineration. Problem of land filling is also reduced as this plastic degrades in less time in the environment. In this project,

The disposal of waste plastic a major environment problem all over the world. due to excessive amount of waste plastic and its high cost of disposal some countries resort to