Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Essay

Because of their unparalleled ability to differentiate into a number of different cell types, stem cells are an attractive subject in the field of medical science. Stem cell therapy explores the possibility of introducing stem cells into

It was developed by Professor Jorge C. Gerlach and colleagues of the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburg’s McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine. The skin cell gun is an electronically controlled pneumatic device which is considered to be a sophisticated paint spray gun. The patient’s own damage-free skin cells are first taken via biopsy. From the biopsy sample, healthy stem cells are then isolated. Those stem cells are then mixed with an aqueous solution then sprayed onto burn areas of the patient’s body. For burn victims, the skin cell gun cuts healing to days as oppose to weeks and months. Deaths of burn victims due to infection have reduced and pain management has increased. Technology currently has not developed enough for the skin cell gun to treat third degree victims but there is hope for it in the near future (Edwards,

The recovery period after large scale injuries could be shortened. The effects are analyzed in an article that states, “True healing could occur thanks to the cloning of their own cells to help the recovery process” (“Pros and Cons” 5). Basically, the process of cloning healthy cells could be used as an aid in replenishing damage of unhealthy cells. This process, if it were to be actualized, could help recovery progress in anything from pulled muscles to the paralysis of an entire limb. In theory, the same research can be applied in other areas. If this technology is paired with stem cell research, it could result in a method of repairing physical damage. An article that focused on advances in biotechnology stated that “Another use of cloned stem cells could be the growth of replacement tissues in the laboratory” (LaPensee 15). Necrosis, apoptosis, and lymphocyte diapedesis all cause tissue damage or death. These tissues could be replaced by cloned cells of healthy tissues. This shortens recovery periods and leads to healthier tissue growth.

Skin repair is an important physiological process which is essential for homeostasis, restoring barrier function and preventing infection (Martin, 2009; Boateng and Catanzano, 2015). Wound healing is defined as a complex, dynamic and the specific biological process associated with the phenomena of tissue regeneration and growth (Mazumder et al., 2016). Regeneration can be defined as a tissue that significantly damaged either completely or partially removed and tissue's original function and cell types must be functional and structurally restored (Mazumder et al., 2016). The process of healing comprises a cytokine, blood cells, extracellular matrix and growth factor (Joao De Masi et al., 2016). The growth factor is a protein that activates and

Michael Longaker’s interests lie at the intersection of wound/bone regeneration and stem cell biology. In the Peripheral Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Candidate Cells Responsible for Healing Critical-Sized Calvarial Bone Defects, the efficacy of peripheral blood (PB) for use in regenerative medicine is significant, with its retrieval viewed as relatively easy. Experiments such as bone regeneration were carried out with the use of PB stem cells. The paper finds that through a specific coculturing process mesenchymal cells can be derived from PB (CD34+) which happen to be choice candidates for quicker bone healing and re-calcification in bone defects (Li). The key discoveries here are the identification of easily retrievable source of stem cells, which help give rise, under a specific culturing protocol, to a specific group of non-hematopoietic cells. This is directly in line with Dr. Longaker’s research as he investigates the possible uses of regenerative medicine in skeletal regeneration. Here we are provided an example of how these CD45- cells can be utilized for treatment of bone defects as it facilitations bone formation and osteogenesis. What should be asked here is how viable is this form of treatment. There is a lot of discussion surrounding the necessary conditions to produce these BD-MSCs and how it is very condition dependent. It would have been preferable to know the amount of time and the amount of cells required to see efficient

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are abundant in various tissues such as umbilical cord, adipose tissue, bone marrow and the liver. Previous research has demonstrated that the intradermal injection of umbilical cord-derived MSCs do not trigger an allergic reaction and hence the limited capacity of UCMSCs. In another study by Mao et al., the intramuscular injection of hUCMSCs did not cause inflammation, effusion or ulceration at the points of injection (7). Moreover, the injection in rats did not alter the heart, kidney and liver function. The results from these studies portray intramuscular injection of hUCMSCs as a possible administration

Stem cell research is the future of medical and biological research and remedies, and it is fascinating to watch the progression of this new and important science as it unfolds. These cells were discovered in mouse embryos in the 1980s, and are remarkable because of their potential to grow into a variety of different kinds of cells within a body. Common in fetuses, and more rare in adult animals of all kinds, stem cells can be manipulated in useful ways to repair many tissues, dividing limitlessly for therapeutic purposes. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a stem cell or to differentiate into more specialized tissue, such as nerve, pancreas, bone marrow, or unique blood components. Initially

Because of stem cells regenerative qualities, many scientists hypothesize that eventually we can use stem cells on a large scale to assist us to regenerate damaged tissue within the body especially when transitioning organ donations, or prosthetics into an individual, ultimately making it a safer practice.

While the majority of stem cell transplants go as planned, some patients develop serious or life threatening complications such as organ damage, infections, and even death. The procedure itself is relatively painless since the stem cells are infused through an intravenous (IV) or a central line. After the procedure, the stem cells will start making healthy cells in the blood, which would hopefully force the psoriasis into remission. It has been stated that, “Allogeneic BMT has led to durable remission of autoimmune disease in most patients, but the number of reports is small and the potential risks of the procedure are high.”, therefore the potentially deadly risk associated with stem cell transplants needs to be weighed against the benefit of extended psoriasis remission (remission of two or more years) (Adkins,

Phagocytes secrete inflammatory molecules in response to chemicals released by damaged tissue cells, and activate B and T lymphocytes. These changes result in the activation and differentiation of MSCs into the injury site. Alongside inflammatory molecules, MSCs will then produce growth factors. These growth factors then activate endothelial cells and fibroblasts that enhance angiogenesis, inhibit leukocytes, and stimulate further stem cell differentiation. This secretion of growth factors may be the root of the regenerative abilities of MSCs, even if they do not differentiate. (Van de Walle,

“Through the isolation and manipulation of cells, scientists are finding ways to identify young, regenerating ones that can be used to replace damaged of dead cells in diseased organs. This therapy is similar to the process of organ transplant, only the treatment consists of the transplantation of cells rather than organs. The cells that have shown by far the most promise of supplying diseased organs with healthy cells are called stem cells.” (Chapter Preface)

Scientists have always been searching for a way to help, cure, and reverse currently incurable, unfixable, or damaging diseases and conditions. In recent years, stem cells have become a strong candidate to solve this long lasting issue, and many with this method. The source of this potential cure alarms many. Despite this, this research is crucial to move modern medicine forward and save lives. With the potential to cure disease and many injuries, reduce the likelihood of rejection after transplantations, and with little to no moral or physical negatives, this research is extremely valuable and right to do.

“The process by which tissue repair takes place is termed wound healing and is comprised of a continuous sequence of inflammation and repair, in which epithelial, endothelial, inflammatory cells, platelets and fibroblasts briefly come together outside their normal domains, interact to restore a semblance of their usual discipline and having done so resume their normal function”. ("The Cellular Biology of Wound Healing" 2016)

“Growth factors, cytokines, proteases, (3) as well as cellular and extracellular elements all play vital roles at different junctures of the healing process.” Modifications in one or several of these constituents might account for the impaired healing observed in non-healing wounds.

In addition to the concerns regarding C3 mice sample size, Rafail et al. extrapolate the mechanism of delayed wound healing in the C3 +/+ group, attributing the results to C5a signaling. The authors use data to support the difference in wound healing rates and composition between both the C3 groups and the C5 groups; however, they stretch the results to connect the C3 and C5 components with an unexamined mechanism. The study never explores C3 mediation by C5a, yet suggests C5a as a mediator along the C3 pathway. Data limit the logical conclusions that follow from a study; without supporting evidence, a mechanism to describe C5a as a mediator in the C3 pathway is a conjecture.