According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010), approximately 1.7 million individuals are diagnosed with a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Within the medical and allied health care professions, various definitions are utilized to define what constitutes a TBI (Abelson-Mitchell, 2007). Despite such various definitions, a TBI essentially describes any form of trauma directed at the brain and its surrounding anatomical structures (Abelson-Mitchell, 2007). As with most injuries, a TBI is graded as mild, moderate, or severe; however, in contrast to most severe injuries, a severe TBI can detrimentally affect an individual’s motor and cognitive functioning (Abelson-Mitchell, 2007; CDC, 2010). Children and adolescents …show more content…
Such changes often require immediate surgical intervention and subsequent preoperative and postoperative nursing interventions in order to protect the integrity of the brain. One of the most highly recommended surgical interventions for pediatric patients, involves the placement of a brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) monitoring system (Noble, 2010; Hession, 2008). The PbtO2 monitoring system consists of a triple-lumen catheter and the actual monitoring system (Hession, 2008). During the procedure, one end of the catheter is inserted into the white mater of the brain while the other is connected to the PbtO2 monitoring system (Noble, 2010). Once in place, the monitoring system provides information pertaining to a patient’s cerebral oxygenation, brain temperature, and ICP (Hession, 2008). Of the three readings provided, cerebral oxygenation is a specific indicator that can identify early cerebral ischemia (McNett & Gianakis, 2010). Through such early identification, appropriate treatment can be provided to reduce a patient’s risk of developing a secondary brain injury. Prior to the surgical implantation of the catheter, the nurse must ensure that all necessary nursing preoperative interventions occur. One example of an intervention includes ensuring
Medical and technological advances have led to greater survival rates in individuals suffering from various illness and injury throughout history. This includes individuals who suffer traumatic and nontraumatic brain injuries. Approximately 1.5 million people in the United States sustain a brain injury each year with the survival rate of over 90 percent making brain injury the leading cause for disability in the United States. (Mysiw, Bogner, Corrigan, Fugate, Clinchot, & Kadyan 2006). Cognitive, physical, sensory and behavioral changes are widely noted in individuals in the months and years following a brain injury. However, the psychosocial, psychological and emotional effects of these injuries are less discussed and therefore these aspects can be overlooked when anticipating a course of treatment. Individuals who sustain acquired brain injuries experience significant, lasting impairment in the psychosocial, psychological and emotional aspects of their lives and better understanding of these issues can lead to better treatment and coping skills for these individuals.
A traumatic brain injury (“TBI”) occurs when the brain is somehow injured, rattled, or wounded from an external source of force. The means of acquisition and the severity of TBIs are unique to each patient; therefore, symptoms and rehabilitation can vary greatly depending on the patient’s condition following the incident and how they sustained the injury. The severity of a TBI is generally classified into one of three categories: mild, moderate, or severe, and this type of diagnostic criteria influences how a patient with TBI is treated by medical staff and rehabilitation specialists. TBIs can affect a specific part of the brain that was directly impacted, leaving the patients with only one or a few areas of impairment, or the damage can
The human brain is extremely fragile and “any bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain” is considered a traumatic brain injury (TBI) (CDC quote). As an inpatient rehabilitation nurse, TBI 's are a large percentage of the patient population and are continuously growing. All brain injuries are different and unique from one another, but brain injuries could affect everything from a person’s memory and reasoning, to their sensations, their ability to communicate, or even their personalities or feelings. Brainline.org is a website that was found through Google and is made available for the public to offer information and resources “about preventing, treating, and living with TBI” (about us). BrainLine states that their purpose is to serve those who have been affected by TBI, either it be the person themselves, their families, or the healthcare professionals caring for them. (BrainLine).
According to the CDC (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), there are approximately 1.5 million people in the U.S. who suffer from a traumatic brain injury each year (CDC, 2003). Also, the CDC reports that nearly 50,000 people die from TBI each year and 85,000 people suffer long-term disabilities and slowly growing. Traumatic brain injury, also well known as TBI, is when severe change(s) in a normal functioning brain has abruptly changed due to a plethora of different MOI’s, some include: open or closed head injuries, deceleration injuries, chemical/toxic, hypoxia, tumors, infections and stroke. Car accidents, firearms, and falls often cause many TBI’s. Consequences of a brain injury vary from person-to-person because no two injuries are alike. A brain injury is different from a broken leg or punctured lung. Brain injuries do not heal like other injuries; once the brain is damaged it's hard to heal the damaged areas in the brain. Once the areas in the brain are affected it can lead to limited use of specific body parts, alter your personality, mental abilities, abnormal speech/language, impaired or loss of thinking and emotions (depression) and sensation (vision or hearing.)
In their article, Depression and Cognitive Complaints Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Dr. Silver, Dr. McAllister, and Dr. Arciniegas (2009) states that “Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common occurrence with multiple possible neuropsychiatric sequelae, including problems with cognition, emotion, and behavior.” A traumatic brain injury is a physiological disruption of brain function due to the application of external physical force, including acceleration/deceleration forces. Neuropsychiatric sequelae, a term used to describe a cluster of post-TBI symptoms to include: cognitive, emotional, behavioral, physical, and psychosocial problems, is a significant source of disability in TBI survivors and their families. This review will examine symptoms of depression and cognitive impairment in individuals that have experienced a mild TBI, as well as the clinical approach to treating such people (Silver, McAllister, & Arciniegas, 2009).
Nonetheless, prior to an intricate look at the impact on specific brain structures, it is important to understand a TBI, the levels of severity and the immediate implications on a neurological level. The most typical TBI is that of a closed head injury in which no penetration of the skull or brain occurs (Roberts, 2009). Still, impact to the head results in the skull usually hitting a surface as a result of incidents such as falls, accident, sports, assault or abuse (Roberts, 2009). Once a TBI has occurred, a classification of the injuries severity is assessed based on the immediate presentation of symptoms (Roberts, 2009). Mild, moderate and severe classifications are determined based on the presentation (or lack their of) of symptoms such as consciousness and functioning of mental and or sensory process (Roberts, 2009). At the level of the neuron, TBI can cause critical problems. In cases where brain tissue stretches or is sheared, the axon of a neuron becomes weakened due to the stretching, which can result in the
Traumatic Brain injury, or TBI, is a common, yet extremely dangerous, type of injury. “In 2010, about 2.5 million emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, or deaths were associated with TBI—either alone or in combination with other injuries—in the United States” (CDC). Traumatic Brain injury is usually defined as a violent shaking that occurs within the brain and it often occurs when there is a direct hit to the head or body. TBI “can affect motor, sensory, cognitive, and behavioral functioning” (AOTA), making daily tasks challenging or ultimately somewhat impossible. TBI’s are commonly classified by severity of the injury; mild being “a brief change in mental status or consciousness” and severe meaning
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when there is a damage in the brain a result of physical trauma. TBI may be caused by a penetrating (open) head injury, in which an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue, or a closed head injury, in which the skull is not breached, and frequently results in the major long-term disability of individuals surviving head injuries.(7) Cranial firearm wounds often result in severe injury to the brain and related central nervous system (CNS) structures.(17). Although penetrating head trauma is less prevalent than closed head trauma, PBI carries a worse prognosis with high morbidity and mortality rates. Understanding of the mechanisms of injury and aggressive medical management with rapid surgical intervention may lead to improved outcomes.(8)
The leading cause of death for people age 1-45 years old in North America is traumatic brain injury (TBI). With slightly higher prevalence in men and an increase in frequency before the age of 30, TBI is a significant cause of morbidity. TBI that occurs during adolescence and early adulthood can lead to increased challenges with physical, emotional, and mental function during recovery.
As college students we take part in several daily activities that can lead to traumatic brain injury such as driving to school, walking around campus, participating
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), often called concussions, are very common occurrences in children. These are bruises in the brain which occur when an impact to the head causes the brain to shake back and forth against the skull. Children, including preschoolers, toddlers, and even infants, often bruise or bump their heads from variety of methods, including motor vehicle or bicycle accidents, falls from heights (beds, stairs, etc.), and sport related impacts (Duhaime et al., 1992). Occasionally, these impacts can be hard enough and result in a TBI.
A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is dened as an injury to the brain as a result of trauma to
The term “traumatic brain injury” (TBI) refers to a brain injury caused by trauma rather than disease, vascular accidents, or alcohol. Incidences of Traumatic Brain Injury have had a significant surge as they are more recognized by the medical profession. Occurring in many different ways; falls, sports, clumsiness, car accidents, tumors, surgery, mentality, etc, TBI is “...the most common form of brain injury in the modern Western world predominantly affecting young adults, many of whom suffer
Traumatic Brain injury (TBI) is projected to be a significant cause of global disease burden by 2020; with an estimated 10 million people affected by TBI annually worldwide. A concussion is the most common form of TBI and is particularly prevalent among children and young adults. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) reported an annual estimated 1.6-3.8 million sports related TBI,
Recovery is a long ongoing process, based on many mechanisms that remain uncertain for an extended period of time. TBIs are also unique because no brain injury is like another, and the consequence of two almost identical injuries may be completely different depending on the person. Symptoms may appear almost immediately or may not present themselves for days or weeks after the initial injury. Individuals of all ages, background, and health status are susceptible to TBI. This paper will discuss the pathophysiology of TBI, nursing care management, and community resources available in WNY for individuals who suffer from TBI. There will also be three evidence based research articles summarized regarding TBI. The articles are as follows: Managing Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury by Devon Lump;(ADD ANOTHER ARTICLE); and Understanding the Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury and the Mechanisms of Action of Neuroprotective Interventions by