Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)

It doesn’t contain blood vessel and is nourished by the diffusion from the bone. Adipose, is another term for fatty tissue. It is common for under the skin and around the organs such as the heart, kidney and part of the digestive tract.

Macrophages in the epidermis 10. Chemical produced by the skin that gives red pigment 11. This chemical gives adipose its yellow color 12. Dermal layer where the Meissner’s corpuscle is located 13. Skin coloration due to the lack of oxygen 14.

Every part of the human body requires energy to function; it maintains the optimal body temperature and metabolic processes. Our body derives energy in the form of ATP (adenine triphosphate) from the food and drinks we intake, however the consumables are viewed as “crude energy” as it passes through the body participating in several cellular processes that convert it into “refined fuel”. The ingested food houses carbon bonds that contains the chemical energy, however the body can not directly access and use this energy, therefore it must convert the energy into ATP. Adenine triphosphate’s contains phosphate bonds that when broken release energy that can be used in the body.

An explanation of the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. (P4)

forces the body to dip into its reserve energy stores. In removing fat, however, essential fatty

Previous studies found that evodiamine has the anti-obesity effects. The possible mechanisms were proposed. Part of anti-obesity effects of evodiamine was thought to be enhancement of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) thermogenesis through β3-adrenergic

This is usually caused by a positive energy balance, and more relevantly a sedentary lifestyle. Increased amounts of visceral fat can be detrimental to the anti-inflammatory phenotype of adipose tissue, which is normally characterised by small adipocytes and the presence of anti-inflammatory immune cells, or adipokines, such as M2-macrophages and CD4-regulatory T-cells (Bishop et al., 2011). These cells release the anti-inflammatory cytokine adiponectin. The presence of visceral fat causes these adipocytes to expand, and then infiltrated by pro-inflammatory adipokines, such as M1-macrophages. This causes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as CRP and TNF (Bishop et al., 2011). These cause a state of low-grade systemic inflammation, which can cause vascular damage and disrupt regular metabolism (Canino et al., 2011)

Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age. It often is a result of or leads to decrease in physical activity which leads to functional impairement or disability and increases vulnerability towards other chronic ailments such as cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes etc (Roubenoff & Hughes 2000). With age there is a decline in mitochondrial biogenesis as well as reduction in the ability to promote muscle protein synthesis which has substantial impact on the age-associated loss of muscle mass and strength, both of which are the two most recognized risk phenotypes associated with sarcopenia. Previous work has reported enormous inter-individual variability in these phenotypes arising

The results from the first study indicated that rats were capable of responding to the energetic demands of their thermal environment with metabolic compensations. Throughout development, warm-housed

Therefore, 4.5 kcal per liter O2 is used as a measure of the metabolic rate. The highest energy value of fat is widely known. The protein is not completely oxidised in the body, due to mammals excrete the nitrogen from amino acids as urea. In (table 1, column b), it shows that the amount of oxygen for oxidation 1 g fat is more than twice the amount needed for oxidation of 1 g carbohydrate or 1 g protein. In (table 1, column d), it shows that the ratio between the carbon dioxide formed in metabolism and the oxygen

Towards the end of his medical training in the early 1980s, Gokhan Hotamisligil was working on a unique tumor case on a patient and found they were comprised primarily of fat cells. The fatty tumors were due to a rare condition, Proteus Syndrome. Working in the field of metabolic regulation Hotamisligil began to explore the underlying pathways for insulin resistance. In his dissertation he discovered that the fat tissue of obese animals and humans were capable of producing inflammatory mediators. His research helped shape the current view of fat tissue as a “discrete, active organ in its own right, continuously exchanging messages with the rest of the body by way of the bloodstream.” By early 2002 Hotamisligil and his laboratory made

Fat mass is defined as all the extractable lipids from adipose and other tissue. Fat free mass is all the left over chemicals and tissues, including water, muscle, bone, connective tissue and internal organs. Adipose tissue mass are connective tissue that work as the major storage site for fat. Lean body mass is everything in the body apart from body fat. Lean body mass includes organs, blood, bones, muscles and skin. Relative body fat is the ratio between fat mass and total body mass.

Scientifically, obesity is construed as surplus adipose tissue. Adipose tissue emits multiple commodities, such as lipids and

A study done by Gurd et al, 2010 looked at the effects of a six week HIIT workout on the SIRT1 levels in human skeletal muscle. SIRT1 is the silent mating-type information regulator 2 homolog1; which signifies increases in gene expression of mitochondrial (mitochondrial biogenesis) and fatty

On a molecular level, fat tissue is normally the largest organ in humans and is involved in mechanisms and pathways that deal with longevity. Fat tissue is not only involved in energy storage but is also important in immune and endocrine function, thermoregulation, mechanical protection, and tissue regeneration (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Adipose tissue is able to protect against infection and trauma. It is also able to produce and activate hormones, including IL-6, IGF-1, and glucocorticoids, as well as prevent heat loss (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Throughout life, changes in fat distribution and function is constantly occurring and in older individuals, these changes correspond to a number of health disorders like hypertension, cancers, cognitive dysfunction, and diseases like diabetes, heart attacks, and strokes, as previously noted (Tchkonia et al., 2010). As people age, their body composition increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass, regardless of their body weight or BMI (Dorner and Rieder, 2011).