Campylobacter Jejuni Research Paper

The disease first appeared in Fort Riley Kansas on March 11, 1918 when an Army private reported to the camp hospital with complaints of a fever, sore throat and headache. By noon that day the hospital had treated over 100 sick soldiers with similar symptoms and 500 more by the end of that week.

This particular bacterium is not one that inhabits a specific geographical region as it colonizes within the human body. The disease is

Cholera is an intestinal infection that can claim its victim’s life within hours if not treated promptly. It is caused by eating or drinking something that is contaminated with

Norovirus and Salmonella are the two most common pathogens, resulting in the most hospitalizations and deaths. Norovirus is a pathogen that infects the stomach and intestines by causing inflammation. Symptoms of norovirus include; nausea/vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain leading to dehydration causing one to urinate more frequently and feel dizzy while standing up. In order to avoid contracting the Norovirus, the CDC recommends thoroughly washing fruits, vegetables and cooking seafood to appropriate temperatures, which can survive up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit (https://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/preventing-infection.html). Salmonella affects the gastrointestinal tract when bacteria is swallowed, mainly coming from raw food products; eggs,

Jejunoileitis and Crohn's (granulomatous) colitis both are forms of crohns disease, the former causes inflammation in the jejunum. This inflammation causes cramps after meals, formation of fistulas, diarrhea and abdominal pain which may become even worse. The latter involves the colon only, Crohn's (granulomatous) colitis characterized by skin lesions, joint pain, diarrhea, rectal bleeding, formation of ulcers, fistulas and abscesses around the

This is a bacteria because viruses cannot live in water and food. The illness was being spread from water and food. Viruses are not waterborne or food-borne. Only bacteria can live in water and food. On Activity map T and J it stated that almost

pylori’s expression of a Type IV secretion system suggests it utilizes horizontal gene transfer to uptake DNA to and from host cells or other bacterial cells in its environment. H. pylori uses its T4SS to inject the highly pathogenic cagA protein into the gastric epithelial cells of the human host which then phosphorylates and interferes with human host signaling cascades related to cell differentiation, proliferation, motility and cytoskeletal rearrangement causing H. pylori induced proinflammatory responses via IL-8 activation and NF-κB stimulation. This sequence of events results in the elongation of infected host epithelial cells, characteristic of H. pylori illness, termed the “hummingbird phenotype (2).” It has been shown that almost 100% of all Eastern Asian strains express the cagA protein while only about 60-70% of the Western strains express a functional cagA protein. It is clear to see that geographical regions have dramatic differences in virulence and pathogenicity of H. pylori strains further proving the vast diversity in the genetics of the bacteria. The H. pylori T4SS can be assessed in three different clusters of genes. The first is the protein type IV secretion system (pT4SS) whose primary function is to translocate the cagA protein. The cag pathogenicity island uses 18 out of its 27 genes to translocate cagA into the host cells and 14 genes are used in

the same organism that causes strep throat. It’s more common in children at the ages 5 to 15yr.

E. coli O157:H7 is a gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that is being found in many foodborne and waterborne illnesses. It is also called Hemorrhagic colitis, the acute disease caused by E. coli (EHEC) because it causes abdominal pain, and bloody diarrhea. It generally lives in the intestines of healthy humans and is generally harmless. It is also found in healthy cattle and can contaminate meat during slaughtering, as it produces a toxin that can cause illness. The E.coli O157:H7 is rare variety of E. coli that produces large quantities of one or more related, potent toxins that cause severe damage to the lining of the intestine. The Verotoxins that cause the disease are also called shiga toxins, because they were acquired from the Shigella strain. It is believed that the widespread use of antibiotics by American farmers has promoted the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenicity islands that has led to the creation of new pathogenic strains such as E. coli O157:H7.

Infections caused by C. jejuni are most frequently found in patients who are immunocompromised, elderly or young. The bacterium is not responsible for serious harm in healthy individuals but those with a poor immune system may be unable to remove the bacterium, leading to an

The illness may develop over a period of hours, or it may start suddenly with stomach cramps, vomiting, or diarrhea.

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is commonly referred to Johne’s disease and mainly affects cattle but is also capable of infecting and causing the disease to occur in other ruminant species as well (sheep, goats, llamas, deer.) The bacterium Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is the cause of Johne’s disease. This disease is a chronic, progressive, debilitating, incurable bowel disease characterized by diarrhea, and weight loss. About twenty two percent of dairy and eight percent of beef herds in the United States are estimated to be infected with Johne’s disease (Irish Veterinary Journal, 2009). In the past this disease has been largely overlooked by the industry but has more recently gained relevance due to the economic impact that occur from herd infection and the potential human health risks associated with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease has become a more relevant topic in terms of human health and how the disease could potentially be related to Crohn’s disease in humans. There has been significant research into how the two diseases could potentially be related and or causative of one another. It is my assumption that the disease will continue to gain further attention and relevance in the cattle and livestock industries as a whole in the future.

The diagnosis is bacterial gastroenteritis, commonly known as “food poisoning” or the “stomach flu”. Gastroenteritis is inflammation and swelling of the gastrointestinal track. Gastroenteritis can usually caused by ingesting food contaminated with some bacteria. Furthermore, some common causes of gastroenteritis include, shigella infection, cholera, and salmonella infection. There are many symptoms of gastroenteritis, including diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain and vomiting (Guerrant, Bobak, 1991). In addition, vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration, and children are likely to get dehydrated more quickly. Thus, it is crucial to look for the signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, dry skin and decreased urine output. The doctor initiates the diagnosis by performing a abdominal or rectal examination in order to eliminate the possibilities of pelvic abscesses and inflammatory bowel disease (Guerrant, Bobak, 1991). In addition, the doctor uses a stool culture to determine what bacteria are responsible for causing the gastroenteritis (Guerrant, Bobak, 1991).

In this setting, the disease occurs primarily in young children, who are exposed to the organism for the first time, and in the elderly, who have lower gastric acid production and waning immunity. The poor are at greatest risk because they often lack safe water supplies, are unable to maintain proper hygiene within the home, and may depend on street vendors or other unregulated sources for food and drink.

Campylobacter: The disease which I cause is called as Campylobacteriosis. The disease spreads through fecal-oral, eating raw meat and ingestion of contaminated food and water. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea, periodontitis or dysentery syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain. These symptoms last for five to seven days respectively.