Carbohydrate Intake in College Students

| | | |Males: Calories Expended for Body Function(6.27 x weight in lbs.) + (12.68 x height in inches) - (6.76 x age) + 66| |

The concept of energy intake and expenditure refers to the amount of calories per day that an individual consumes, and is the chemical energy in foods which can be metabolized to produce energy available to the body. As stated before energy is obtained from the foods we eat and is used to support an individual’s Basal Metabolic Rate, energy is measured in calories or joules as both units are very small they are multiplied by 1,000 and referred to as kilocalories. Different foods provide us with different amounts of energy, and the potential fuel sources available to exercising muscles are fats – 1 gram fat =9.0kcal = 23kJ,

Newton and Flint (2011) state the main reasons for increasing obesity in the UK population are the “increased consumption of high fat, high sugar foods, increasing levels of alcohol consumption and the reduced levels of physical activity throughout the population.” Of course the changes to the populations diet plays a significant role in the rise of obesity but The Royal College of General Practitioners have suggested that food intake has actually fallen on average by 750 kcal per day; but activity levels have also fallen by 800 kcal. This seemingly very small imbalance of just 50 kcal each day has led to the rise of obesity - a clear sign that increasing levels of physical inactivity are playing a key role in this current

Body composition provides an overall assessment of health and it is important in assessing an individual’s risk of developing diseases such as diabetes, high blood, obesity and some forms of cancer. Body composition indicates the proportion of essential fats and non-essential fats in the body (ACSM, 2012). An optimal health range has been established based on the difference in age, sex, height and weight. Individuals above the established range are at increased risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity (ACSM, 2012). While, individuals below the established range are more likely to interrupt the delivery of key vitamins and nutrients to the cells of the body as well as adversely affect the proper functioning of their reproductive

Altered nutrition, more than the body requirements related to consumption of excess calories as evidence by the

When analyzing the comparison of the percentages intake of carbohydrates, the dietary recommended intake (DRI) in iprofile was 45-65%. The outcome of the three-day process displays that I am within an acceptable range of 57%. However, the foods that were part of the three-day diet consisted of various carbohydrates such as complex, simple, and fiber. Despite, that many people try to avoid or cut starches, they are vital to an individual health for several reasons. However, the body used carbohydrate as the primary source for providing energy, to protect against diseases, controlling weight, which all factors are important in a healthy diet (Mayo Clinic, 2016). An importance of carbohydrates in the diet, it can easily store in both the muscles and liver for future use and plays a role in the organs such as the kidneys, brain, and the heart for operating properly (Medline Plus, 2016).

The purpose of this lab is to gain knowledge and understanding of the scientific principle of RER, using indirect calorimetry to measure caloric expenditure, including the caloric equivalent and to understand the concepts behind estimating oxygen consumption and caloric expenditure from heart rate, including the limitations. In addition the purpose was to learn skills of how to measure and graph the linear relationship between heart rate and VO2 and then determine the regression equation line and to estimate the caloric expenditure from VO2, heart rate, and caloric equivalent values.

The purpose of this lab was to see if following the HHS (Health and Human Services) (Morgan P.11) suggested diet would be healthier or a person which follows their own diet. This was measured by the Fitness index. The results in average of the Fitness Index in Table 1.3 (P. 15) showed that the Athletic got a fitness index of 72.3 and the Sedentary got a Fitness Index of 70.6. In Table 1.1 (p.13) it shows that a high average is around 65 FI to 79 FI. The average are fairly close to each other which is shown in Table 1.6 (p.19) this is a bar graph of the averages. These results came from the different groups doing the following the same procedure. Some trends that were noted in the average was that many people got a higher index in sedentary

The field of nutrition science has yet to understand many factors that allow it to optimize nutrition for every-body. The very nature of the human body is subjective; it cannot be narrowed down to one factor, as science demands and varies from person to person. Pollan (2008) further delineates this point in his critique of reductionist science saying: “there is nothing very machinelike about the human eater, and to think of food as simply fuel is to misconstrue it” (p.

Accordingly, a recent analysis by Prentice and Jebb (4) has emphasized the contribution of sedentariness to the increased prevalence of overweight in the United Kingdom. Despite these observations, the contribution of exercise to the prevention and treatment of obesity is still perceived as trivial by many health professionals. The perception of many of them was recently well summarized by Garrow (5) who stated that exercise is a remarkably ineffective means of achieving weight loss in obese people, mainly because their exercise tolerance is so low that the level of physical activity that they can sustain makes a negligible contribution to total energy expenditure. When one looks at the currently available literature, it is difficult to disagree with this statement. Indeed, numerous studies have demonstrated that when exercise is used alone to treat obesity, body weight loss is generally small (6). In addition, the further weight loss generated by adding an exercise program to a reduced-calorie diet is also often small if not insignificant (7). Traditionally, the study of the impact of exercise on body weight control has focused on its energy cost and on the hope that the body energy loss will be equivalent to the cumulative energy cost of exercise sessions. In practical terms, this means for instance that if a physical activity program induces an excess of energy expenditure of 2000 kcal/week, a similar energy deficit should be expected in the active obese

With over 22.5% of the current U.S. population considered to be clinically obese, compared to only 14.5% in 1980, there does not seem to be a cessation of this epidemic in sight (Hill & Peters, 1998). Goran and Weisners' (2000) proposal that "... the inherently lower resting metabolic rate in women versus men is responsible for the higher adiposity rates in women..." is wanting, especially since the potentially modifiable factors of; less physical strength, less daily free-living physical activity, and lower total energy expenditure are more likely the cause of the differences in observed adiposity between men and women. Since our genetic makeup has not appreciably changed in the last twenty years, we cannot strictly attribute the explosion of obesity to genetics. As these biological causes of obesity are disproved, a focus on the environment as a reason for obesity is taking centre-stage.

The average pint contains around 170 calories (NHS, 2015); alongside high calorie pies will lead to James regularly exceeding the recommended 2550kcal (Department of Health, 2008). The excess will be stored as fat in the adipose tissues of the body (Sanders & Emery, 2003). Fat takes longer to metabolise than glycogen as it needs to undergo β-oxidation to release its energy, whereas glucose is metabolised faster through glycolysis (Silverthorn, 2014). This leads to James’ metabolic rate being lower than Ruth’s. This difference is to be expected with age as metabolic rate decreases as the person gets older. However females usually have a lower metabolic rate than males due to more adipose tissue and less lean muscle, demonstrating the difference Ruth’s training has made on her physiological state (Silverthorn, 2014).

Researches studies differ on whether obese consume more energy (calories) than non-obese individuals. Some show they do consume more; others show they may consumer fewer calories. The big difference may be in the type of nutrients that they consume, such as fat. For example, Gazzaniga, found that the percentage of body fat was positively correlated with total dietary fat. Still, other researchers suggest that the reasons are metabolic in origin and that obese individuals "process" foods differently resulting in an increase in body fat. Although how these factors affect obesity are not fully understood, one thing is clear: Obesity results when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure and is stored as fat.

A negative energy balance is the goal for weight loss. For weight loss, the BMR, caloric intake, and caloric expenditure are analyzed. It is necessary to determine the kilocalorie adjustment needed for weight loss (see Table 2). For proper energy balance during weight reduction ½ of the reduction should come from a reduction in caloric intake, and ½ should be derived from increased physical activity. A neutral energy balance must be met for weight maintenance.

As obesity has shown to reach epidemic proportions not only in developed regions but even in developing countries, this study has been conducted to understand the relationships between energy, activity levels and carbohydrate intake (WHO, 2000). Personal data collected reflected that in comparison, the subject’s EE was consistently greater that the EI over the two experimental days, therefore the output was greater than that of the consumed categorising the subject as active and as their body mass index (BMI) was calculated to be at 20g/m2 , the subject was categorised as healthy (Lyons et al., 2012). With the percentage energy intake from protein being 17%, fats 33% and carbohydrates 47%, the subject was within the range of the