Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

R E V I E W S H E E T 30 Anatomy of the Heart

This method demonstrates impaired relaxation and filling because it delivers straight measurement of ventricular diastolic pressure. But, the balance of benefit, harm and cost can debate against its use to diagnose diastolic dysfunction. The other technique which can be used to diagnose diastolic heart failure is Doppler echocardiography. Doppler echocardiography is used to assess cardiac diastolic function, which can confirm the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure. For example, according to the online article, “Diastolic heart failure: challenges of diagnosis and treatment” states “echocardiographic measurement of tau, the time constant of left ventricular pressure decay during isovolunteric relaxation, can be performed to assess left ventricular stiffness.” Doppler echocardiography plays an important role to evaluate the characteristic of diastolic Trans-mitral-value- blood flow. Doppler echocardiography helps to measure the peak velocities of blood flow during early diastolic filling (E wave) and atrial contraction (A wave) and then ratio is calculated. When the heart is working normal, the early filling E-wave velocity is greater than the A-wave velocity and E to A wave ratio is 1.5. But, in diastolic dysfunction, this correlation reverses, because stiffness increases and the relaxation of heart occur slowly and E to A wave ratio decreases to 1.0. Also, as the diastolic

A cardiac ultrasound is an increasingly popular test option for doctors to rely on. This is because of its effectiveness, as well as its inexpensiveness and availability. There are no portable units available, which means a cardiac ultrasound can be performed anywhere, from the arctic to the sports field and even in space (yes, seriously).

E. Cardiac MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a cardiac MRI uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of your heart.

[5, 6] Japanese Ministry of Health (JMH) published criteria are the current established method for non-invasive clinical diagnosis. [2, 5] Imaging modalities suggested by the JMH criteria include gallium-67 scintigraphy and late gadolinium-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance (LGE-CMR). [2] However, only 5-10% of patients with sarcoidosis present with clinical evidence of myocardial involvement based on the above criteria while autopsy studies indicate that cardiac involvement is present in up to 25-50% of cases implying that there is a significant proportion of sub-clinical cardiac sarcoidosis not detected with the existing criteria. [1, 7]

antiviral medication (Al-Akchar et al., 2017). In the worst cases, mechanical support devices have been used, along with heart transplant surgeries (Al-Akchar et al., 2017). In conjunction with these treatment plans, patients are advised to limit exercise activities, and are recommended to have continuous echocardiography over the years to continue to ensure that the disease does not make a comeback (Al-Akchar et al., 2017). As it exists now, there is much to be desired in the diagnosis and treatment for myocarditis, let alone any of its subtypes. There is much to be learned from this mysterious disease, and although technology continues to advance, it may still be a long time until we can accurately diagnose and treat

Detect myocardial ischemia, 2. Estimate damage in the heart 3. Detect and evaluate the heart.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to use the new technique of Vector Flow Mapping (VFM) to measure the reference values of intra-cardiac energy loss in ASD patients pre and post occlusion

This, however, is difficult in the patient population affected, as an endomyocardial biopsy is an invasive procedure that patients are not keen to undergo. Cardiac MRI is a useful investigation when cardiac amyloid is suspected but it is unable to differentiate between different amyloid types [13]. Tc-DPD scintigraphy is a recent addition to the workup of the condition and has been shown to be a specific imaging tool for transthyretin cardiac amyloid [12].

The main features of echocardiography imaging that enable it to be used as the best technique for early analysis or diagnosis

In the current decade, human circulatory system illness has been recognized as the prominent reason of morbidities and mortalities worldwide [1, 2]. Heart hemodynamics parameters measurements, such as sonic tools, could be the key factor to diagnose the progression of the circulatory system abnormalities and diseases [3, 4] and support physician for supplementary medical decisions to detect heart diseases, such as ischemia and hypertrophy or even heart failing [5-8]. Furthermore, observation and quantifying the heart hemodynamics parameters, i.e., heart outward volume and heart performance factors during pump action of the heart have a key asset in detecting and realizing of these diseases. Numerous medical schemes are accessible for such quantifying, such as angiography, catheterization, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and ultrasound.

Left ventricular dysfunction that leads to reduced ejection fraction (< 2.8 ng/mL that was associated with NSM. In contrast, a couple of recent large studies suggested that the peak serum troponin I > 0.1 ng/mL within 72 hours of patients with SAH were associated with NSM (Kilbourn et al. 2015; Malik et al. 2015). A high-sensitive troponin T may assist for early detection of cardiac leakage. This is due to that cardiac enzymes might be released early after SAH, and thus have key values for early identification for developing NSM (Oras et al. 2015). Although, creatine kinase –MB level cannot distinguish the NSM and acute myocardial infarction

A large cardiac silhouette and an increased cardiothoracic diameter > 50 % can be indicative of cardiomegaly, though an increase in left ventricular volume beyond 66 % is required to be visible (Chandrasekhar, n.d.; Cremers et al., 2010). In heart failure, unilateral or bilateral (in 70 % of cases) effusion of pleural fluid can be noticed near the costophrenic angle or from the distance to the stomach bubble, based on patient position (Chandrasekhar, n.d.; Cremers et al., 2010). Another radiographic feature which can help assess for presence and evolvement of heart disease, especially with serial x-rays, is the vascular pedicle width, normally < 60 mm, but indicating pathology when at least 85 mm in 80 % of cases: Representing a measure of intravascular volume, 5 mm increase in diameter correspond to one liter increase in circulating blood volume; an increased diameter of the azygos vein also is a sign of fluid overload (Chandrasekhar, n.d.; Cremers et al.,

Echocardiography is the initial diagnostic modality for a patient with suspected congenital heart disease. In some patients, however, use of this modality is encumbered by its limited ability to delineate great arteries and intra cardiac anomalies, pulmonary veins, and coronary arteries. (7)

As fractional shortening is mainly assessing circumferential fiber shortening, a separate assessment of longitudinal fiber shortening could provide additional information on LV function. The longitudinal fibers are mainly located in the subendocardium and the epicardium. In a normal heart circumferentially oriented fibers predominate over longitudinal fibers, and short-axis shortening exiceeds long-axis shortening. This means that the sphericity of the ventricle normally decreases during contraction as the short-axis diameter decreases more than the long-axis diameter. As longitudinal function might be affected differently from radial/circumferential function due to the different fiber orieintation in the different layers of the myocardium,