Chemical Modification To Insulin

Oral insulin would therefore be the best way to treat diabetic patients. Oral insulin replicates the precise physiologic pathway from portal vein into the liver as it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, contrary to insulin injections which are absorbed in the systemic circulation and in the muscles (Arbit, 2009). This allows oral insulin to achieve a high porto-systemic gradient. This methodology of insulin absorption involves direct engagement of the liver, and its role in glucose metabolism

Genetics. It is like a bridge between geno and phenotypes ~ giving explanation to how cells carrying identical DNA differentiate into different cell types and how this differentiated state remains stable; o More recently it has evolved to mean “modifications” to DNA that affect gene expression but do not involve base changes  These changes are regular and naturally occurring but can be heavily influenced by several factors such as; • Age • Environment & life style • Or disease state. “According

What is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is the modification of an organisms genetic composition by artificial mans, it often involves the transferring a specific traits- genes from one organism to the other- this could be a plant or an animal. It is the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genes- the genetic material. What is genetic engineering used for? It is used to change the genetic makeup of cells which spontaneously includes the transfer

metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction. Type II Diabetes (diabetes mellitus), is also sometimes referred to as adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes. It is a medical disorder that, due to a number of

1. Introduction Genetic modification is currently at the forefront of modern science and is being utilised in various fields such as medicine, agriculture and industry. Genetically Modified or transgenic organisms are organisms that have been genetically altered in a specific way for a particular purpose. It is now possible for scientists to exchange genes from one species of organism to another. This process is performed when certain characteristics of one organism are desired in another organism

the field include gene therapy, genetic modification, genetic enhancement, and cloning. Gene therapy and genetic enhancement use similar processes to alter specific portions of the DNA, whereas cloning has a more specific method which is different in relation. The basic process of genetic modification will be used as an example to illustrate the technical aspects of research areas like gene therapy and genetic enhancement. In addition to genetic modification techniques, cloning has specific applications

a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction. Type II Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is also called non-insulin-dependent diabetes or aadult onset diabetes. It is a medical disorder that, due to

purpose. An example of this is the pancreatic beta cells found in the islets of Langerhans. These cells are specialised to synthesise the protein insulin that is involved in the metabolism of glucose in the cells. (Layden, 2010) Figure 1 - Picture to show basic structure of a cell. (Farrabee, M J. 2007) But how is insulin made? The production of insulin starts in the nucleus which is the cellular organelle where the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is found. They form a series of multiple linear molecules

Diabetes mellitus type 2 is an endocrine disorder that causes impaired use of carbohydrates while enhancing the use of proteins and lipids. This is called insulin resistance, in which the pancreas cannot make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, or the body is unable to use what is produced. The impairment causes blood glucose level to rise higher than normal. There is no cure for type 2 diabetes mellitus and it is life threatening when left untreated. Signs and symptoms of this

of this disease. Type 1 diabetes is a disease that affects the way your body uses food. In Type 2 the body still makes insulin, but is not using it correctly, resulting in elevated blood sugars. Gestational diabetes occurs in pregnancy,