Chronic Diarrhea

The primary problem is the patient is having severe dehydration due to excessively having loose liquidly stools for the past two days caused by C. Diff.

Ingestion of the endospore causes infection. Once it reaches the preferred anaerobic environment of the gut, the endospores germinate and begin releasing toxins A and B (Burns & Minton 2011). The presence of C. difficile does not necessarily mean infection. A patient can be positive for C. difficile but have normal stool, which means there is colonization without infection. Patients who have the C. difficile pathogen without experiencing any symptoms allow it to be passed along undetected which contributes to the ongoing spread to others. Only when toxin A and toxin B are released at suitable levels does C. difficile become pathogenic to humans. Once infected, typical symptoms include watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, colitis, fever, and fecal leukocytes. Moderate to severe Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) consist of profuse diarrhea, abdominal distention, leukocytosis, systemic inflammatory response, pseudomembranous colitis, megacolon and death (Sunenshine & McDonald, 2006). With the combination of a highly resilient endospores, and asymptomatic carriers, this allows C. difficile to persist in the environment and spread to patients with compromised immune systems, or older patients who have a high risk of contracting CDI with a higher severity than healthy adults (Laffan, Bellantoni, Greenough, Zenilman, 2006).

The gastrointestinal tract is home to up 1,000 species of microorganisms! Most of these organisms are harmless and even aid the body in normal circumstances, but when the balances of these organisms become upset the once harmless bacteria can grow ramped and make you sick. Ratini (2015) states that one of the worst attackers is a bacterium called Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) . As this bacterium grows out of control, it releases toxins that attack the lining of the intestines, which causes a condition called Clostridium difficile colitis. Although this bacterium is more rare than other intestinal bacteria, C. difficile is one of the most popular causes of infectious diarrhea in the U.S. C. difficile infection can range from causing minor discomfort to life-threatening. Ratini (2015) also says some symptoms of mild cases include watery diarrhea; three or more times a day for several days, with abdominal pain or tenderness. In more severe cases, C. difficile infection symptoms include watery diarrhea, up to 15 times a day, severe abdominal pain, loss of appetite, fever, blood in stool, and weight loss. In some rare cases, C. difficile leads to a hole in the intestines, which can be fatal if it is not treated. C. difficile can be diagnosed by analyzing stool in the specimens tested for the toxins. Ratini (2015) says that in rare cases, a colonoscopy may be required to ensure that one is actually suffering from C. difficile infection.

Ranges of symptoms of Crohn’s range from mild to severe (“Crohn’s Disease,” 2013). Mild symptoms are described as having sporadic cramps or diarrhea (“Crohn’s Disease,” 2013). Those who suffer from severe acute symptoms may experience bloody stool, anal sores, lower abdominal pain, pain during bowel movements, loss of appetite, joint and back pain, mouth sores, weight loss, fever, and fatigue (“Professional guide to signs,” 2011). Defecation allows relief from abdominal pain (“Professional guide to signs,” 2011). It is difficult to diagnose Crohn’s disease based on the symptoms listed above (“Crohn’s Disease,” 2013). Only time and various tests will reveal patterns of symptoms over time that will allow doctors

"One question many have is what causes diarrhea and what needs to be done. Healthy bowel movements typically consist of 75 percent water and 25 percent waste, and each person has

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is defined as inexplicable diarrhea that is present in connection with the use of antibiotics. It is typically caused by alterations in the microflora of the stomach (Beaugerie & Petit, 2004). The rate of this associated complication is related often to the type of antibiotic that is used. This change to the microflora create the opportunity

Regardless of the pathogenic E. coli, some species are non-pathogenic strains which are normal and ecological essential inhabitants of the human and animal gastrointestinal tracts. Non-pathogenic and pathogenic E. coli differ with respect to the presence of genetic information that may

coli and Campylobacter.According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention every year Salmonella is estimated to cause one million foodborne illnesses in the United States, with 19,000 hospitalizations and 380 deaths. Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection.It is pretty much the same story with E.coli as well,it caused 46 hospitalization and 3 deaths during 2009-2010.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; most healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) such as staph or MERSA are dropping except for one: Clostridium difficile infections or CDI which causes an estimated 14,000 diarrhea related deaths in America each year. Clostridium difficile is a gram positive, anaerobic bacteria that can produce exotoxins, form spores and is beginning to show increased resistance to antimicrobial treatment. Symptoms of CDI include watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea and abdominal tenderness (CDC 2011). The usual treatment for CDI is first to cease use of any antibiotics that first may have caused the CDI. If symptoms do not improve, then a stronger course of antibiotics is usually done but CDI has a high rate of reoccurrence. In a double-blind, randomized trial comparing the efficacy of fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin in treating CDI the reoccurrence rate was 15.4% for fidaxomicin and 25.3 for% for vancomycin (Louie et al. 2011). There is, however, a solution with a cure rate upwards of 90% with no chance of increasing antimicrobial resistance; the fecal microbial transplant (FMT). A fecal microbial transplant involves taking a fresh stool sample from donors screened for transmissible disease and parasite infection, diluting it with sterile saline or milk and administering via nasoduodenal tube or enema (van Nood et al. 20013). The donor may be any healthy, medically screened adult, either an unrelated stranger or a family

Antibiotics are chemical substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of infectious microorganism. They could be naturally occurring or synthetic in a laboratory. Each type of infection has its therapeutic course duration which should be completed neither reduced nor overused. The long term use of antibiotics may harm the host. In addition to the impact of antibiotic on infectious organism, they can affect the non-infectious bacteria. These effect on non-infectious bacteria depend on the type of used antibiotic, its mechanism of action and resistance level among community. Different antibiotics affect the normal gut bacteria in diverse ways depending on several the antibiotic spectrum of activity, dose and duration of therapeutic course, administration route and characteristics of the

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes a type of intestinal sickness termed voyager 's looseness of the bowels (diarrhea), which influences almost every populace around the world. As a rule, this illness is self-restricting in healthy adult, despite the fact that antibiotics are regularly recommended. Notwithstanding traveller’s diarrhea, ETEC can bring about illness side effects clinically indistinct from cholera created by Vibrio cholerae. ETEC is endemic in numerous creating nations, including Mexico and Bangladesh, and is regularly experienced by travelers, individuals from the military, or different visitors travelling around. Due to poor surveillance, mortality because of ETEC is hard to gauge, yet there are accepted to be no less than 400,000 ETEC-related deaths in children less than 5 years old every year, with incalculable others likely grouped just as death because of diarrhea. Human ETEC strains are firmly identified with various confines taken from pigs experiencing diarrhea, with both sorts of ETEC sharing various pathogenic elements and destructiveness elements, including heat labile enterotoxin (LT). On the other hand, human and porcine ETECs show strong host tendencies that are comprehended to be because of the statement of fimbriae with particular tropisms.

As shown in Table 3, factors related to intestinal parasitism included parental education level, place of residence, gender and other risk factors. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism in individuals living in the dormitory was higher than a personal house that this difference was significant (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.8; 2.6, p=0.01). The prevalence of intestinal infections in individuals with a father elementary level was higher than their father higher educational level and it was statically significant (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3; 1.1, p=0.02). Also, the rate of intestinal infections in males was higher than females that are significant (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.1; 2.1, p=0.01).

The disease, cholera, is an infection of the intestines, caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. As stated in Microbes and Infections of the Gut, the bacterium is “a Gram-negative, comma- shaped, highly motile organism with a single terminal flagellum” (105). Cholera is characterized by the most significant symptom that presents with the disease, diarrhea, and victims can lose up to twenty liters of body fluids in a day. Cholera can be a serious disease, due to the serious dehydration that can occur, but it is only fatal if treatment is not administered as soon as possible. This research paper includes information on the causes of cholera, symptoms, ways of treatment, studies of treatments, complications that may occur, the

bacteria to stay alive in the stomach” (De-Witt). The people most likely to have been affected by

I agree that antibiotic is going to cause diarrhea and yeast infection as a possible side effect because it kills all bacteria including the good bacteria. This is something that the patient will need to know about Keflex and breastfeeding, If the infant develop diarrhea, no treatment is required and it should resolve after completion of the antibiotics. She can include probiotic in her diet in the form of yoghurt or as supplement which can offer some protection from harmful bacteria while on Keflex (Hantoushzadeh et al., 2012). She needs to be encouraged to complete the full course of antibiotics and not to stop as soon as she begins to feel better. She need to call the office if she does not see improvement within 24hours.