Ciocalteu Reagetion Lab Report

1.3.2 To determine the physicochemical properties of essential oil extracted from calamondin (Citrus microcarpa) peels.

An example of those are carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid, possessing strong antioxidant, radical-scavenging, and antibacterial activities. The majority of the phenolic acids in Sage species are derivatives of caffeic acid which is the building block of a variety of plant metabolites. Caffeic acid plays a central role in the biochemistry of the Lamiaceae plants, and occurs mainly in a dimer form as rosmarinic acid. Carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid, which are present at high concentrations in the extract of Sage plants, have shown strong antioxidant properties. Ursolic acid, also a component of sage, has strong anti-inflammatory properties, and in sage preparations, it is considered as a quality control measurement for the anti-inflammatory effects of different

The next day an orange goopy textured product resulted. The extracts were then dried and combined with anhydrous sodium sulfate, then evaporated with dry air under the hood in a warm water bath. The liquid was cooled and had an initial weighing of 0.5887g. It was reweighed several minutes later with a final

Natural products used to treat many diseases for a long time. Natural products derived from many sources such as fungus like Piptoporus betulinus, which is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant and plants like Alhagi maurorum, which is used to treat anorexia, constipation, dermatosis, epistaxis, fever, leprosy, and obesity. (1) In this research, we will focus on one natural product derived from a plant called Serenoa repens. Serenoa repens also called Saw palmetto, is a plant grows up to 1m in width and 3m in height. Each part of it has different uses, for example, its leaves are used to make thatching, baskets, fans, brushes, brooms, rope, fire kindling, fish traps and dolls and its berries are used as food and as medicine. There are many

The use of natural products as medicine has initiated the isolation of active compounds. The first commercial pure natural product introduced for therapeutic use is generally considered to be

Licorice root is used worldwide as a natural sweetener, as well as a flavoring agent. The main composition of plant Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids act as inhibition platelet aggregation, and anticancer, antioxidant (20). Aly et al.,2005(21) indicate that liqurice have potent anti-inflammatory reduction edema about 78.3 while diclofen about 73.9% also have anti-ulcerogenic activity associated with a reduced acid output and an increased mucin secretion, an increase in prostaglandin E2 release and a decrease in leukotrienes (22). Many volatile oil and vitamins such as B1,B2,B3,B6,C,E, Biotin, Foli acid, Pantothenic acid act as expectorant, laxative, liquiritin act as antitussive (23). Also contain Coumarins Herniarin and umbelliferone (24).moreover plant used for treatment of asthma , chronic fatigue, hormonal disturbance , antiviral, antibacterial , hepatoprotective, anti-oxidant , antiulcer, ant mutagenic, Hypothermic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, relieve pain , expectorant, hypoglycemia,

During the last decade, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) has gained popularity as an alternative treatment for depression and a natural remedy for reducing inflammation due to its especial chemical composition(1, 2). H. perforatum is a perennial herb of the Hypericaceae family native to parts of Europe and Asia (middle-east and other parts) and also has spread worldwide, including temperate regions of India, China, Africa, and some parts of the United States and is distinguished by its golden yellow calycles(1) . In addition, when flower buds are crushed, a reddish liquid would be exposed. This reddish liquid contains numerous compounds with biological activity such as phloroglucinols hyperforin, adhyperforin, the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, the flavonoids hyperoside, quercetin, rutin, quercitrin and isoquercitrin, and the dimeric flavonoids amentoflavone(3). Oily Hypericum preparations have been used for centuries as a medicinal plant to treat burns, wounds, alcoholism, dermatitis, neuralgia and myalgia beside its antidepressant, antiviral, and antibacterial effects(4-7). Nowadays,

vulgare shown to have significant antibacterial activity in vitro as compared to some standard antibiotics[53]. Butanol and aqueous fractions of F. vulgare fruit showed intermediate free radical scavenging activity in vitro[54]. A group of rat pretreated with aqueous extract of F. vul-gare shown to have suppressed ethanol-induced gastric lesions. Also, this extract significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant activity[70]. Administration of methanolic extract of F. vulgare fruit orally to mice has been shown to suppress Type 4 allergic reactions as well as acute and subacute inflammatory responses and also shown moderate centeral analgesic effect. In addition, it significantly enhance plasma antioxidant status while suppressing lipid peroxidation chain

However, some severe adverse effects such as hepatitis, nephropathy and allergic reactions limit the clinical use of allopurinol (3). Several in-vitro observations confirmed the XO inhibitory activity of some phytochemicals such as flavonoids (7-10). Flavonoids are non-nutrient polyphenolic compounds that occur in plants and consist of six major classes based on specific structural differences: flavonols,flavones, flavanones, catechins, anthocyanidins, and isoflavones (11). Therefore, a promising approach for hyperuricemia and its complications might be a combination therapy utilizing dietary flavonoids and hypouricemic pharmaceuticals at a suboptimal dosage to minimize any potential adverse side effects. The present study was designed to screen natural compounds for their xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOI) are used in the treatment of gout. Gout is a common worldwide health problem. It arises due to elevated serum levels of uric acid. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors block the production of uric

Flavonolignans are natural polyphenolic compounds that comprises of flavonoid and lignan. The basic chemical structure of these essential nutrients consists of two benzene rings bound by a three-atom heterocyclic carbon chain which can be chemically modifiable yielding several compounds with different properties. The structural requirements for the antioxidant and free radical scavenging functions of flavonoids include a hydroxyl group in carbon position three, a double bond between carbon positions two and three, a carbonyl group in carbon position four, and polyhydroxylation of the A and B aromatic rings.

Methanolic extraction and hot water extraction were performed in duplicate for all tea samples. To prepare the methanolic extraction, 25 ml of methanol was added to 1 g of tea sample. For complete extraction, ultrasonication was performed for 15 minutes at room temperature. Following ultrasonication, tea samples were filtered through 0.45 µm cellulose acetate membrane filter (VMR International) and stored at -20oC until analyses. In addition to the methanolic extracts, hot water extraction was performed to mimic the homemade tea preparation. To prepare the hot water extraction, 1 g of tea sample was dissolved in 25 ml freshly boiled water and incubated for 7 minutes in a covered glass bottle and stirred three times with

Results from Molinspiration: With the help of ‘Canonical SMILES’ of phytochemicals taken from PubChem, virtual screening was performed. All the phytochemicals which followed the Lipinski’s rule of five were shortlisted, as shown in Table.9

extracted and purified by centerfuge force with the aid of chloroform, methanol, and acetone. The results

Several botanicals, including Crataegus oxycantha, Terminalia arjuna, Inula racemosa, and Astragalus membranaceus, have been found to have therapeutic benefit for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Crataegus oxycantha has been used traditionally as a cardiac tonic and current uses include treatment for angina, hypertension, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure. Animal studies have also indicated that Crataegus extracts may also have potential use as anti-ischemic and lipid-lowering agents. The bark of the Terminalia arjuna tree has a long history of use as a cardiac tonic as well, and has been indicated in the treatment of coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypercholesterolemia and for relief of anginal pain. Additionally, it

Unlike modern medicine, herbal drugs can be adjusted according to the condition of each patient. The diagnostic approach depends on the tailored requirements according to the