Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning
1904 Nobel Prize Winner, Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia on September 14, 1849. Pavlov is best known for his intricate workings with the drooling dog experiment that lead to his further research in conditioning. This experiment, which began in 1889, had an influence on the development of physiologically oriented behaviorist theories of psychology in the early years of the nineteenth century. His work on the physiology of the digestive glands won him the 1904 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.
CONTRIBUTIONS
Pavlov's first independent work focused on the physiology of the circulation of the blood (Girogian, 1974). He studied the influence of variations in blood volume on blood
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Pavlov presented dogs with food, and measured their salivary response (how much they drooled). Then he began ringing a bell just before presenting the food. At first, the dogs did not begin salivating until the food was presented. After a while, however, the dogs began to salivate when the sound of the bell was presented. They learned to associate the sound of the bell with the presentation of the food. As far as their immediate physiological responses were concerned, the sound of the bell became equivalent to the presentation of the food.
Through Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs and their reaction to stimulus, he set the basis for Classical conditioning. The methods of how classical conditioning works can be described in the following sequence (Mischel, 1993, p. 296):
1. There exists an unconditioned, natural response, like a reflex (called a UCR)
2. There exists a stimulus that triggers this response (called the UCS)
3. Eventually, the organism (man, dog, ect.) will begin to associate the UCR with the UCS
4. Once the behavior is learned, the UCR may take place even when the UCS is simulated
5. At that point, the response it referred to as conditioned (or a CR)
6. The stimulus is then referred to as a conditioned, or learned as
Petersburg, in Russia when he received his Nobel prize. His experiment helped understand the way humans react to certain objects, or events; just like the dogs. This was cooperative because now we can treat phobias, such as heights, crowding, and even spiders. Just like dogs, humans can be trained to associate things like fears, anxiety and material objects to relaxation, or another emotion and reaction. During this time the political climate was just starting to kick off. Both white and black male could vote causing an agitation in the polls, however this did not seem to affect positively or negatively Pavlov's research. All of his research was summed up and put in an outstanding book named Conditioned. Although Ivan Pavlov did not have a nickname some people refer his experiment as “Ivan’s dogs.”
In the article, “It’s Not Just About Salivating Dogs!” the author, Roger R. Hock, talks about Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and his research and discoveries of classical conditioning. The article starts off by talking about how Pavlov technically wasn’t even a psychologist before his remarkable discoveries, he was actually a physiologist. Because Psychology was a new and untouched science, Pavlov made a huge risk in his career by switching to become a psychologist (Hock, 2009, p. 66).
Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning which occurs when two stimuli are paired together repetitively and therefore become associated with each other eventually producing the same response. Classical conditioning was developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov to account for associations between neutral stimuli and reflexive behavior such as salivation. Pavlov (1927) accidently discovered that dogs began to salivate before they had tasted their food. To support his theory, he carried out experiments using dogs which involved measuring the amount of saliva they produced. In his experiments, food started off as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which produced salivation, an unconditioned response (UCR). They are both unconditioned as they occur naturally without being learned. The dogs were presented with a bell (NS), this provided no salivation. The bell and food were presented together and after many trails an
Classical conditioning was discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov 1902. Classical conditioning suggests that all behaviour is learnt through association. Pavlov discovered this through his works with dogs. It was also believed that classical conditioning can lead to the development of phobias. This was demonstrated by Watson and Rayner 1920 with the case of little Albert (gross p162).
Annotated Bibliography: Behaviorism Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov's conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294. doi: 10.1007/bf02734167 Classical conditioning has a deep influence on the field of psychology and behavioral studies. I.P. Pavlov and E.B. Twitmyer are two influential pioneers in the discovery of classical conditioning.
Pavlov tested this theory by performing an experiment on a dog. The goal of this experiment was to condition the dog to salivate towards a stimulus
Classical conditioning was described by Pavlov who found that it was possible to condition a reflexive response to a stimulus that didn't evoke this response originally by using a stimulus that evoked a reflexive response. Classical conditioning is the
Ivan Pavlov was born in a difficult time in history, Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryzan, in the rise of communism in Russia. Although today that Pavlov was known more as a Physiologist than a Psychologist, due to Pavlov’s father being a priest, Pavlov’s early studies was in the church to eventually become a priest like his father, although the plan to become a priest diminished after Pavlov read a book that Charles Darwin wrote about the origins of species and another book by George Lewes called “The physiology of Common Life” after finding so much interest in these books, Pavlov decided to pursue a profession in Physiology. (Todes, 2000).
This is known as the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Meat is the unconditioned stimulus because at the sight of the meat the dogs begin to salivate (Feldman, 2010). The dog’s response to the meat educes salivation and is known as the unconditioned response (UCR). An unconditioned response is defined as a reflexive and natural response that is not connected to prior learning. Unconditioned responses always occur in the presence of the unconditioned stimulus (Feldman, 2010). While conditioning the dogs, Pavlov would ring a bell right before the presentation of meat. Eventually, the dogs would associate the ringing of the bell with the meat. Therefore, the dogs would begin to salivate at the sound of the bell. At this point, Pavlov could state that he had classically conditioned his dogs. The bell which was a prior neutral stimulus had now become the conditioned stimulus (CS) that brought forth the conditioned response (CR) of salivation (Feldman, 2010). Moreover, we have to ask what would happen if these poor dogs were never again received food upon the ringing of the bell. This would lead to extinction. Extinction occurs when a prior conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears (Feldman, 2010). In order for Pavlov to unconditioned his dogs he would have to break their association with the sound of the ringing bell and the presentation of food. To do so he
Ivan Pavlov is famous for his studies in dog salivation. He measured the dogs saliva in response to a stimulus and coined the term conditioned response when the dogs stopped seeing the meat and still began salivating. He also termed unconditioned response, generalization, and classical conditioning. His work influenced the way we train our dogs today.
Classical conditioning says that we learn behaviours by associating the response to the stimulus. An example of this can be found from the work of Ivan Pavlov. In the 1890s Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, carried out some experiments with a dogs. He noticed that when a dog eats food, they salivate: this is an unconditional response to an
The founder and main contributor in the development of classical conditioning is Russian psychologists Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov, is an acclaimed man of science, who is prominently known for his investigations and experimental findings known as Pavlov’s dogs. While further exploring the canine digestive system, he
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in Russia in 1849. He was first educated at church school and as a teen studied to be a Russian Orthodox priest. However, he later focused on science and studied medicine in Russia and Germany, accepting posts in
Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. Poverty was always an issue with Pavlov’s family as he was growing up. His father was the priest of the village, where Pavlov attended regularly. Many of Pavlov’s characteristics, including a strong will to succeed was inherited from his father. Pavlov began school at the Ryazan Ecclesiastical High. Pavlov entered the Ryazan Ecclesiastical Seminary. At the seminar, he was introduced to the works of Charles Darwin and Ivan Sechenov. After the seminar, Pavlov transferred to the University of St. Petersburg to acquire knowledge about natural science. At St. Petersburg, Pavlov gained a great respect for Cyon, a professor in physiology. With Cyon’s enthusiasm for Physiology, he became a physiologist during his third year. Pavlov started working as a laboratory assistant helping out Cyon. At this laboratory is where Pavlov studied the digestion system. This laboratory is where Pavlov’s research later earned him a Nobel Prize on the physiology of digestion. Pavlov would implant small stomach pouches in dogs. After implanting the pouches he would measure the secretion of gastric juices that the dogs had when they started to eat. After time, with the help of his assistants, he was able to condition the dogs to the sound of a tick. After the progression of his work, he
Ivan Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849 in Ryazan Russia. He was a Russian physiologist, and his work lead to the development of the first experimental model of learning: classical conditioning. He began his studies as a theology major, and changed throughout the years to physiology at the University of St. Petersburg. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 (Psychology History). Ivan Pavlov was a very intelligent man. He was known for working on and experimenting with animals (dogs specifically). Pavlov 's theory of classical conditioning consisted of a dog, a bell, food, and salivation. He conducted his experiment in 1890 (Wikipedia).