Classical Conditioning Chapter 5

The study of behaviorist psychology have allowed us to understand how we subconsciously engage in the learning process. As demonstrated by notably experiments conducted by Ivan Pavlov, B.F Skinner, and various others, our learning process can be--and normally is--significantly influenced by the social and physical world around us. Two particular examples of this are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. “Classical conditioning occurs when a natural stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response” (Schacter). For example, in horror movies suspenseful music tends to precede dramatic events. If you get scared during horror movies, your fear is a natural response to the horror (the stimulus). When music (unconditioned stimulus) is paired with the horror, the music becomes a conditioned stimulus. So when we you hear the music, we feel a sense of fear. (Another example will be provided later on to elaborate on this concept). On the other hand, operant conditioning is “a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future” (Schacter). For example, being put on a time out will decrease the probability of a particular behavior, while being given an allowance for washing the dishes will increase the probability of that behavior. From studying these learning processes, various institutions in our society have begun utilizing them in their marketing

While learning to drive a car, I have experienced the elements of classical conditioning. Conditioned stimulus was a car that rapidly stopped in front of me.

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Explain the initial pairing of the banging bar and the rat in terms of learning through classical conditioning.

Annotated Bibliography: Behaviorism Clark, R. E. (2004). The classical origins of Pavlov's conditioning. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 39(4), 279-294. doi: 10.1007/bf02734167 Classical conditioning has a deep influence on the field of psychology and behavioral studies. I.P. Pavlov and E.B. Twitmyer are two influential pioneers in the discovery of classical conditioning.

Cognitive and behavior therapy can combine the techniques of both of these approaches or focus on one of the two. The paper will discuss these schools, their origins and techniques.

The classical conditioning experiment on the class was noticeable. However, there were some crucial things done in order to make it a successful experiment. It had some specific condition and responses. Everything was connected to each other, such as the unconditioned stimulus was connected with the unconditioned response and the conditioned stimulus was connected with the conditioned response.

The authors found that self-esteem can be increased via classic conditioning. Consequently, they found that low self-esteem can be raised by applying basic learning principles (Baccus, Baldwin, & Packer, 2004). Their findings support the theory that self-acceptance is influenced by positive feedback from other people. These findings may initiate an effort to research possible methods to increase self-esteem as a means of ridding society of the various social ills that are thought to be caused by low self-esteem. Therefore, future research should also include the effect of the conditioning task on various aspects of social behavior. This in turn, will help determine the amount of influence, if any, that self-esteem has on behavior. The results also suggest that implicit low self-esteem is not permanent and can be modified (Baccus, Baldwin, & Packer, 2004). This provides hope that individuals suffering from implicit low self-esteem can find relief by receiving treatment to increase their self-esteem in an effort to experience a greater sense of well being. This potentially could lead to a method for treating depression.

7. Using classical or operant conditioning, describe step by step how you can teach someone a skill in your field. What is the behavior you want them to learn, if classical conditioning is used, what is the US, UR, NS, CS and CR. If using operant conditioning, what is the behavior you want to increase or decrease and what is the reinforcer that is used to increase or decrease that behavior. (ex., if you are in business and you want to increase productivity, what would you do?). How does their biology, motivation, cognitions and emotions influence their acquisition of the skill?

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Discrimination is the phenomena where there is a crossing of the response level to stimuli. Conditioned stimulus one is followed by an unconditioned stimulus. Conditioned stimulus two is followed by a random unconditioned stimulus. The effect of discrimination is that a conditioned response will respond to the first conditioned stimulus but not to the second conditioned stimulus (McSweeny & Bierly, 1984). The ability to distinguish between the two stimuli is discrimination. An example of discrimination is if a car is advertised with a bonus package followed by the same car advertised without the bonus package. The conditioned response is to the car with the bonus package.

Classical conditioning has been around for some time in psychology. Now we are able to relate classical conditioning to nursing practice and education. Classical conditioning can be defined as a learning process when two stimuli are being paired together over and over. Nausea and vomiting are common in patients experiencing chemotherapy treatment. Patients with cancer are typically exposed to a very specific environment in the hospital. This setting would be the conditioned stimulus. The exposure to the hospital happens before the patient receives chemotherapy, which has nausea and vomiting as side effects. This would be the unconditioned stimulus. A patient being exposed over and over to the

Although classical conditioning is something that most people experience in a daily basis, it may also be the first thing someone remembers in a day. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009) classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. In this paper the subject is to describe the theory of classical conditioning as well as describing a scenario in which one could apply classical conditioning theory to, and bring forth the scenario by showing illustrations of how this could be used

The first topic I’m going to talk about is the components of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a method of conditioning in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus. UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR. This information is important. The reason being is because, it is important how people and animal react to certain things and why.

The “Little Albert” experiment was a study that depicted clear evidence of classical conditioning and stimulus generalization. Classical conditioning refers to learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus.(e.g. A dog hears a bell every time before he is fed, and after repeating this multiple times, the dog is conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell.) Stimulus generalization refers to the reaction one might have to other objects similar in shape, color, size, etc, after a traumatic or very positive experience. (e.g. Someone gets sick after eating an orange and then might feel uncomfortable eating other orange foods.) The examination of these factors, however, left Little