Clay Behavior And Its Effects On The United States

In fact, as clay begins to dry the piece will shrink because of the water evaporating. The particles inside will compact together as it hardens. If the drying is considered “uneven”, for example one part dries faster than the other, the clay might crack. If one clay’s particle sizes are smaller than another’s, it will shrink more. This is because all the small particles are now far apart so they have to cover more space in order to make up for all the missing spots. However, large particles can cover spaces easily since they have less open areas to cover. To conclude, both clays may be similar yet can take different amounts of time to harden due to their

When reading of the concrete that the ancient Romans used, and learning of their unique mixture of volcanic ash and slaked lime (“pozzolana”) I find it most interesting that this concrete still proves to be standing in some places today! It is said to be less sturdy than what we use here in America (Andrews, 2012) but no doubt it gave modern civilization the ingenuity to create what we use today.

If you have made some of the mistakes listed below, don't be too hard on yourself because unless you've completed a fair amount of research on the topic, any one of these oversights are easy to make. Before getting to them, some background information on expansive clay soil is necessary.

One immediate effect is soil which has been compressed by heavy equipment. The result hard, ‘baked’ soil contributes to the run off of rain water and, eventually, flooding.

Rammed earth is a building technique which has been used for hundreds of years. The technique involves earth (similar to cob) which is compacted, in-situ, between forms which are created by shuttering (Figure 12 & 13). This creates a monolithic wall which is strong and durable with a variety of colours, depending on the earth within the site. Two or more soil components must be used to create the correct size appropriate wall (Windstorm & Schmidt, 2013:402). The walls are mainly 300 – 600mm thick and can be free-standing and, unlike cob, load bearing (Hall & Djerbib, 2004:281). The final product does not need any further finishing such as plastering and can be left to expose the different layers of earth. Post-industrial materials such as brick, tile and concrete can be recycled by adding it to the mixture, this will enhance the colour and the strength of the walls, the materials can also add to the fire safety of the walls. This method of recycling alongside the use of rammed earth can have an even greater and more positive effect on the environment (Hall & Djerbib, 2004:367). Rammed earth also has the highest density and compression strength of all earth construction techniques and therefore a more efficient material when it comes to structural qualities in construction. To increase the structural qualities of rammed earth, small amounts of concrete (5 – 10%) is added to the mixture (Mačková & Spišáková, 2015:133). Due to the high compressive strength the chances of erosion

This paper investigates the effects of stabilization on the hygrometric and thermal properties of rammed earth. In terms of moisture buffer value and moisture sorption, four mixes are analyzed and compared.

The location of the land used to determine several projects location was in Floyd county with the coordinates defined as (34° 6' 21'' N. latitude, 101° 24' 57'' W. longitude), (34° 6' 21'' N. latitude, 101° 23' 29'' W. longitude), (34° 5' 33'' N. latitude, 101° 24' 57'' W. longitude), and (34° 5' 33'' N. latitude, 101° 23' 29'' W. longitude). The major soils located within the area of interest(AOI) were identified as PuA, RaA, and LoA, with the soils texture identified as clay loam for PuA and LoA, and clay for RaA. The soils identified all had low slopes ranging from 0-1%. The use of web soil survey allows users to be able to identify soil properties of a specific area and the

Generally this technique requires the application of a surcharge loading to squeeze water out of the soft clay soils. Such loading must be equal to or in excess of the service loading to which the developed land will be subjected. In vacuum consolidation, the vacuum pressure applied contributes to the surcharge loading, an actual surcharge heights are reduced. An additional important advantage of the vacuum is the isotropic nature of the vacuum pressure and the correlated improvement of the stability under preloading, reducing considerably the risk of slope failure resulting from the

The higher the amount of monovalent cations absorbed to the clay mineral (e.g. sodium), the more severe the expansive soil problem (Fredlund and Rahardjo, 1993).

bEnvironmental, Geotechnical and Civil Materials Research Unit, National Engineering School of Sfax, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia

This literature review focuses on research regarding how relief and slope gradient influence the soil properties. This is a topic of great interest amongst geographers and Geologists alike, as slight changes within soil structures, characterisation, and soil composition will alter the soil system and its stability. The study of Relief in regards to soils is key in soil study as it will have the most outstanding impact on changes in landscapes and may potentially have detrimental impacts in societies; from an economic view of soil fertility and crop harvesting, to socio-economic standpoints of hazards regarding mass movement. So as you can see it is a subject to be of great importance within the world of Earth sciences thus attracting

Drained residual strength develops during the reactivation of a preexisting shear surface (F). Pre-existing shear surfaces may be present in old landslides, sheared bedding planes, sheared joints or faults, or embankment failures (A). Common materials that develop residual strengths include mudstone, claystone, shale, silt, and clay. The drop in drained shear strength to residual shear strength can be attributed to flocculated clay particles being oriented parallel to the direction of shear, decreasing the tendency for volume change and development of excessive pore-water pressures (F). This change in orientation tend to require 1 to 2 meters of field displacement to fully develop (A).

In marine area the application of silica fume is critical for the resistance against chloride penetration such as piers, break wall, piling for the foundation of bridges. Such structure would have been prepared for the resistance against calcium chloride if silica fume concrete was used use in construction.

Chemical additives, such as lime, cement, fly ash, and other chemicalcompounds, have been used in soil stabilization for many years at various degrees of success. The effectiveness of these additives depends on the soilconditions, stabilizer properties, and type of construction (i.e. houses, roads, etc.). The selection of a particular additive depends on costs, benefits,availability, and practicality of its application (Al-Rawas et al. 2002).

There are various kinds of cements present in the market basing on different need and nature of construction. One of the most famous type in this regard is “Portland” cement. It is generally described as the most commonly and frequently used type of cement around the globe. It is also considered as main component of “concrete”, “mortar”, “stucco”, and “most non-specialty grout”. Portland cement was manufactured in “England in the mid-19th century”. It is commonly made from “limestone”.