Closed Loop Essay

Pinnington, N., Elliott, A., Sciences, F. of L., Manchester and Kingdom, U. (2007) Proceedings of the physiological society. Available at: http://www.physoc.org/proceedings/abstract/Proc%20Physiol%20Soc%208PC39 (Accessed: 3 March 2016).

Action potentials can occur more frequently as long there is a continued source of stimulation, as long as the relative refractory period has been reached, which in experiment 2 the refractory period was complete.

Following classical conditioning the data show a decrease in variability and in the latency between stimulus presentation and the response. There is also a change in trend from increasing to no trend.

Attention is thought to be selective-focused on one subject at a time. Traditionally, it has been assumed that automatic processing is involuntary, it does not require attention, and is relatively fast; whereas, controlled processing is voluntary, does require attention, and is relatively slow. We can conclude from this that the more we repeat a certain material or tasks the more it becomes automatic and effortless to us.

Neurons' firing while observing an action can be helpful in planning one's actions, as the consequences of those actions can also be observed.

Unit 8 Answer: Before answering this question, I will first define conscious awareness and neural circuit; conscious awareness is known as the “individual awareness of your unique thoughts, memories, feelings, sensations and environment” (Cherry, n.d.) while neural circuits are neural ensembles that process specific kinds of information such as visual or sensiorimotor input (Purves, 2001). As we have learned in previous chapters, neural mechanisms of conscious visual perception (the ventral stream) are not necessarily the same as those that mediate the visual control of behaviour (the dorsal stream). There are typically two hypotheses of how neural processing occurs consciously and unconsciously: response-chunking hypothesis and shifting control

There are many illnesses, pertaining to both medical and psychological, that affect the health and wellbeing of countless other people. Some examples of these types of diseases would be Parkinson’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder. While the effects of the disease can be suppressed by pharmaceutical means, there comes a point when medicine is simply not enough. This in turn led to the usage of deep brain stimulators to help ameliorate problems that medicine could not. Although implementing deep brain stimulators is a new procedure that has been in practice since over twenty years ago, many experts agree that using them is not a panacea because there can be many problems from them. Since deep brain stimulators are recently new in the medical field, there are positive and negative effects still being discovered.

Overall more experiments need to be conducted to be able to generalize this idea and turn it into a fact. And other factors such as past stimulations, the amount of stimulus and the experiment conditions need to be more thoroughly explained to be able to rely on the validity of these

The trials for each of the six conditions were presented in a random order. The experimenter controlled for differences among participants by having them set their own equiluminant point for the cue stimuli and eliminated luminance differences by embedding the stimuli in a random luminance noise. The experimenter also controlled for outliers by eliminating response

senses at input until it emerges as a behavioral response at output. The information we

By contrast, late selection models, e.g. Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) place the bottleneck much nearer to the response end of processing. Their model assumes that all incoming stimuli are automatically processed and analysed for meaning, regardless of whether they are consciously attended to or not, with selective filtering occurring only after meaning has been extracted.

These procedures involved in cognitive neuroscience require high levels of control, therefore are usually conducted in a laboratory setting, thus producing quantitative data that can be easily analysed, (Eysenck and Keane, 2010). Nevertheless, the techniques vary in the precision with which they identify the brain areas active when a task is performed (spatial resolution), and the time course of such activation (temporal resolution).Therefore, several procedures often need to be combined to compensate for limitations, (Sternberg and Wagner, 1999).

Deutsch and Deutsch (1963) offer a model in which all stimuli are fully analysed, with the most significant message determining the response (Eyesnck, 2010). This theory proposes a bottleneck, as the filter is placed closer to the response end of the processing system. This model is recognized as a late-selection model (Deutsch & Deutsch, 1963). The Deutsch and Deutsch model was later modified by Norman (1968) who alleges that sensory inputs are processed routinely and instinctively before we consciously know about them. Norman suggests that no signal is filtered out but all are processed to the point of activating the stored

in the stimulus frequency results in a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters, further inhibiting the

It is broadly accepted that, for instance, synchronization plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease and essential tremor (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 10–12 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) and, more specifically, Parkinson's disease is associated with asynchronous pacemaker activity involving a population of many thousands of neurons in the basal ganglia. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 13,14 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) Another fundamental phenomenon that can emerge in ensembles of coupled system is oscillator quenching. (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 15 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) The biomedical significance of this phenomenon again hinges on the fact that the suppression or disruption of oscillations is involved in the treatment of a variety of neuronal disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. (-- removed HTML --)