Co-Enzyme Q10 Lab Report

The main function of the mitochondria is to convert fuel into a form of energy the cell can use. Specifically, the mitochondria is where pyruvate --derived from glucose-- is converted into ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) through cellular respiration. Cellular respiration involves four stages: glycolysis, the grooming phase, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The final two stages listed occur in the mitochondria.

In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through

This process does not require oxygen and is referred to as fermentation. This process partially breaks down carbohydrates and it obtains a small amount of energy, again in the form of ATP. Pyruvic acid has to be broken down in respiration when formed by breaking down of glucose molecules, this can't be done in the same way as in aerobic respiration. When anaerobic respiration is taking place carbon dioxide and ethanol is formed.

ATP is often referred to as the energy currency of life. The cells use a form of energy called ATP to power almost all activities, such as muscle contraction, protein construction, transportation of substrates, communication with other cells and activating heat control mechanisms. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), an energy-bearing molecule found in all living cells. Formation of nucleic acids, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and many other energy-consuming reactions of metabolism are made possible by the energy in ATP molecules. The energy in ATP is obtained from the breakdown of foods.

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2to H2O (and NAD or FAD). Generates H ion concentration gradient and therefore ATP.

One of the most significant reactions in Glycolysis is reaction one which involves the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. Through the transfer of the hydrolysis of ATP, this supplies energy for the reaction and makes it essentially irreversible, having a negative free energy change, which allows for a spontaneous reaction in cells. Although the preparatory phase is energy consuming and uses up 2 ATP, the pay off phase synthesizes 4 molecules of ATP, with the transfer of 4e- via 2 hydride ions to 2 molecules of NAD+. Therefore, a net gain of 2 ATP is achieved through the glycolytic pathway alone. Following the glycolytic pathway, due to the absence of oxygen, as oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough to undergo aerobic respiration, the athlete will instead, undergo lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation involves pyruvate that is formed from the glycolytic pathway to be reduced to lactate, with the aid of the enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase, while the coenzyme Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) is oxidised to NAD+. The product NAD+ then re-enters the glycolytic pathway in order to produce 2 ATP. This process of lactic acid fermentation produces 2 ATP for each cycle, and thus, rapidly supplies the body with a small amount of energy. However, with the buildup of lactic acid in the body, the athlete will eventually encounter the feeling of discomfort as this accumulation of lactate causes the body to

Aerobic respiration happens only when oxygen is presented in the cell. Aerobic respiration starts with pyruvate crossing into the mitochondria. When it passes through, a Coenzyme A will attach to it producing Acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH. Acetyl CoA will enter into the Krebs cycle. In the Krebs cycle Acetyl CoA will bound with Oxaloacetic Acid (OAA), a four carbon molecule, producing the six carbon molecule, Citric Acid. Citric Acid will reorganize into Isocitrate. This will lose a CO2 and make a NADH turning itself into alpha ketoglutarate, a five carbon molecule. Alpha ketoglutarate will turn into an unstable four carbon molecule, which attaches to CoA making succinyl CoA. During that process a CO2 and NADH is made. An ATP is made when CoA leaves and creates Succinate. This molecule is turned into Fumarate, creating two FADH2 in the process. Then Fumarate is turned into Malate then into OAA making two NADH. Only two ATP is produced in Krebs cycle but the resulting NADHs and FADH2s are passed through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase. When the molecules passes through that cycle a total of 28 ATP molecules are produced. In all aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP and waste products of H2O and

A). The anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate is called glycolysis. This sequence of reactions will generate two molecules of pyruvate for every one molecule of glucose. This metabolism is anaerobic, which means that it does not require oxygen to be completed. The first phase of the process of glycolysis is called the preparatory phase. The entire process of glycolysis is started once glucose is trapped inside

The acetyl group (2C) of acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4C), this produces citrate (6C) which then goes through a sequence of electron yielding oxidation reactions, during which two CO2 molecules are released, restoring oxaloacetate. This is then used in the next cycle by re binding to another acetyl group. In the process the elections produced are transferred to electron carriers and are later used by the electron transport chains to drive proton pumps to generate ATP. The function of the citric acid cycle is the harvesting of high-energy electrons from carbon fuels.

The third and final step in cellular respiration is the electron transport chain which takes place in the inner mitochondrion membrane. This process uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. These high-energy electrons are first passed along the electron transport chain. Every time 2 electrons travel down this chain, their energy is used to transport hydrogen ions (H+) across the membrane. These H+ ions escape through channels into an ATP synthase. This causes it to spin, transforming the ADP into ATP. On average, each pair of high-energy electrons that moves down the electron

2. (6 pts) Turn your head to the right. (Create a table* that describes which muscles move which bones across which joints under the control of which nerves)

NADH will donate an electron to complex one and become NAD+. FAD2 will donate its electron to complex 2 and becomes FAD. Coenzyme Q accepts electrons from complex to 1 and 2 and donates to complex 3. Then complex 3 will transport its electron using the protein cytochrome C to complex 4. That electron will go to oxygen and form water as its product. Complex1, 3, and 4 in the process of transferring electrons will pump out Hydrogen ions to the other side of membrane. Lots of hydrogen ions are made and need to go somewhere where there is not a lot of them. ATP synthase will allow these hydrogen ions to go to the matrix in a controlled manner. The energy from these hydrogen ions will aid ADP and phosphate to make ATP. The formation of ATP in this process is called oxidative phosphorylation. The energy used in NADH and FAD2 is used to form the proton gradient (Sanders, 2013).

The two carbon molecule bonds four carbon molecule called oxaloacete forming a carbon molecule knew as citrate. The second step reaction is classified as oxidation/reductions reactions. This process is formed by two molecule of CO2 and one molecule of ATP. The cycle electrons reduce NAD and FAD, which join the H+ ions to form NADH and FADH2, this result to an extra NADH being formed during the transition. In the mitochondrion, four molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are produced for each molecule of pyruvate, two molecules of pyruyate enter the matrix for each molecule of oxidized glucose, as a result of these eight molecules of NADH+ two molecules are produced. Six molecules of NADH+, molecules of FADH2 and two molecules of ATP synthesize itself in Krebs cycle. As a result, no oxygen is used in the described reactions. During chimiosmosis, oxygen only plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation. The next step is the electron transport; the electrons are stored on NADH and FADH2 and are used to produce ATP. Electron transport chain is essential to make most ATP produced in cellular respiration. The NADH and FAD2 from the Krebs cycle drop their electrons at the beginning of the transport chain. When the electrons move along the electron transport chain, it gives power to pump the hydrogen along the membrane from the matrix into the intermediate space. This process forms a gradient concentration forcing the hydrogen through ATP syntheses attaching

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a powerful antioxidant that produce energy in cells and prevents blood from clotting. It is made of all cells in the body and stored in the body's most important organs. Each cell in the body causes a different amount of CoQ10, depending on the tissue type and energy needs.

Chemiosmosis defines as the process where Adenine Triphosphate is produced in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It is a common pathway used by the mitochondria and chloroplasts to harness energy. In addition, an Electron Transport System is a key stage during cellular respiration which creates an electron gradient in the inner membrane of the mitochondria so protons potential energy can eventually be converted into Adenine Triphosphate (ATP).