COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ROAD ROUGHNESS
Road roughness is the deviation of the pavement surface from a true planar surface with characteristic dimension that affect vehicle dynamics, ride quality, dynamic load and drainage , for example longitudinal profile, transverse profile, and cross slope(ASTM E867). By causing vehicle vibrations, roughness has a direct influence on vehicle wear, ride comfort, and safety. The relationship between vehicle operating cost and road roughness are well established through several studies conducted in India and abroad. Roughness measurements are an important factor in making decisions towards spending limited budgets for maintenance and improvements. Due to this, specifications for roughness have been adopted
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The roughness of the pavement causes change in the normal forces that act at the tyre-pavement interface and affects the lateral forces needed to control a vehicle, thereby influencing the steering capabilities of the vehicle. Roughness can also cause significant loss of breaking force or slip resistance on a vehicle. In addition to this, problems can arise due to variation of roughness in each of the wheel tracks of a lane. These differences of roughness in each wheel path cause differences in the breaking and sliding forces that act on the vehicle. This will cause the exposure of vehicle to different levels of friction on each side, which can cause a significant safety problem.
Effect on Vehicle Operating Cost
The Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) components consist of fuel consumption, oil consumption, tyre wear, maintenance and repair, and depreciation. Road surface roughness is one of the factors determining VOC. While increasing roughness increases fuel consumption at any given speed, increasing roughness also reduces travel speed, which reduces fuel consumption per unit distance for most free running travel speeds. Repair and maintenance cost is also get affected by road roughness.
Effect on Vehicle Riding Comfort
Vehicle’s riding quality varies with travel speed, the dynamic characteristics of the roughness of the road. Assessment of ride quality and road roughness by measuring the
In the short story, “Along the Frontage Road” by Michael Chabon, a father and son visit a pumpkin patch off a frontage road to escape from their home and problems. While at the pumpkin patch, the father reflects on how many situations in life are uncontrollable. The family had suffered the loss of their unborn daughter, and the father and son use their experience at the pumpkin patch to move on in life. Michael Chabon uses figurative language in the form of metaphors and similes, a depressing mood, flashbacks, and pumpkin symbolism in “Along the Frontage Road” to comment on hardships in life that people have no control over.
Lane width is dependent on the operation of the machine and how well trained and accurate the operator
Why do you think McCarthy has chosen not to give his characters names? How do the generic labels of “the man” and “the boy” affect the way you /readers relate to them?
With roads in such substandard conditions and with no signs of repairs coming in the near future, Baton Rouge drivers have to be careful on the roads. One cannot always take the freeway to get to places and there might be heavy traffic if everyone tries to use it. Along with the fact that sometime a route cannot be planned around a terrible road as it is the only way to the destination. With these factors in mind, one must be prepared to drive for the safety of oneself and others. Whenever coming to a pothole or any other danger that may come with an inadequate road, it is important to drive slowly and cautiously. This is most important due to the fact that driving carefully on even the safest of roads in order to avoid a vehicular
Before entering a sharp curve, the kinetic energy of the moving car is very high, to prepare for this curve, the driver can slow down the vehicle to reduce its kinetic energy to stay safe.
The Cape Cod area typically enjoys moderate weather in every season. Summers are seldom as hot as they are in many locations that are not far away. In fact, if the temperature reaches the upper 90s, it is quite likely to set a new record for the highest temperature ever measured in the area. Unfortunately, however, the balmy temperatures can lull pet owners into a false sense of security when it comes to walking their dogs on asphalt pavement.
The asphalt is applied on top of the subgrade, so this part of the driveway has to be stable. If the soil is too soft, it can shift and cause cracks to develop in the asphalt. The base has to be cleared and compacted first. Then, the area is checked for areas of loose or soft soil. If any are found, the soft areas must be filled in until the base is sturdy. Once that's done, a new layer is added to the
A. How the internal mechanism of a vehicle can affect the quality of driving for the driver and likewise the quality of passage for the the passengers.
Asphalt is the most common material used for speed bumps, speed humps and speed cushions on both concrete and asphalt pavement. Asphalt is an economical, durable option that can be repainted and resealed as often as needed to maintain visibility and aesthetics. Depending on the application, plastic or rubber may also be used on concrete pavement.
Driving in the two seasons differ as far as in types of weather conditions. In summer there is less rain and no snow which makes road hazards less then usual. With dry pavement drivers can respond quicker to situations and avoid accidents.
tires and the road surface. A vehicle may skid forward in a straight line or it may
There are four main features of the tire. One of them is the contact patch or the footprint (Figure 2). That’s the point at which the tread meets the road (Figure 3). Depending on the tire’s design, it’s pressure and the car’s weight, it varies in width and length (in terms of the area of the contact with the road) (Refer to Figure 4). This contact patch allows power to be applied to the road in acceleration and braking. These contact patches are flexible, applying a resisting force against the road in the opposite direction of the car’s motion during acceleration and breaking. In terms of the lateral motion of the contact patch, this motion allows the tires to nicely grip the road during cornering. The second feature which characterizes a tire is its profile. The profile of the tire is a tire’s height (of the “rim” of the tire) in relation to its width. Low profile tire’s trendy with today’s cars. What warrants for the differences in profiles in the frame within the tire are layers called belts (Figure 5). These belts, made of either steel or polyester, and they affect more than just the look of the tire, but also the functions in relation to two types of loads. The first load is the radial load. This is a load applied by the car vertically down the tread of the tire (Figure 6). The stiffer the belts, the rougher the drive since there is more drumming taking place. In terms of lateral loads (Figure 6), applied by the car, usually while
Roadside soils are subjected to turbulence as vehicles pass by, and roadside dust emissions are related to vehicle speed (exponentially), traffic volumes and
Initially, the roads will need to be evaluated for their comfort levels so they can be properly matched with bikers that need a certain minimum comfort level. Two methods can be used to assist in this evaluation: Bike Level of Service (BLOS) and Level of Traffic Stress (LTS). These are two different ways of quantifying the comfort levels of the roads for bikers. They include variables such as vehicle volumes, speed
(Madanat et al., 1997) in their research exhibit incremental facility deterioration model on bridge deck sample. Since infrastructure moves from one transitional state to another with a set probability associated with the transition process, with the help of explanatory variables predicts the changes in condition of infrastructure over a period using the incremental models. The data used in this case is panel data. The previous research that has been done in this area does not account for the effects of heterogeneity in panel data. Due to the presence of unobserved factors the coefficient estimates of the model may be biased. The previous models like linear regression had