Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Research Paper

Coronary artery disease affects the circulatory system. Chemically, this disease develops when blood vessels that are necessary for living become badly damaged. Cholesterol plaques become inflamed in the arteries. The most common signs and symptoms are chest pains which tighten the chest as if someone were standing on it. Shortening of breath also affects those with this disease because the heart is unable to supply enough blood. A major sign of this disease is having a heart attack. This indicates an artery that is completely blocked. This disease is caused by damaging the coronary arteries by smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure or high cholesterol. To diagnose this disease, medical physicians will perform physical exams and examine blood

The coronary artery that was occluded in M.T.’s coronary circulation were the right coronary artery. When coronary blood flow is interrupted for an extended period, myocyte necrosis occurs. This results in MI. In the majority of MI, the decrease in coronary flow is the result of atherosclerotic CAD (McCance & Huether, 2014). M.T. is experiencing transmural MI. According to H. Michael Bolooki (2010), a transmural MI is characterized by ischemic necrosis of the full thickness of the affected muscle segment(s), extending from the endocardium through the myocardium to the epicardium. M.T. was exhibiting crushing substernal chest pain radiating down his left arm. He was complaining of dizziness and nausea. During M.T.’s physical exam, he

Coronary heart disease is one of the leading killers in America. I will later discuss why this is the case, and how the choices of Americans will inflict the ultimate price of death. Aside from bad decisions, the anatomy of where this disease takes place is fragile in regards to bodily malfunctions. The reason it is called coronary heart disease is because it takes place in the coronary arteries. These arteries are what supplies the heart with oxygenated blood. So you can guess that if something goes wrong with these arteries, it could be detrimental for the entire body because the heart pumps blood to the whole body. The right and left coronary arteries branch from the aorta, which is the main supplier of blood to the systemic circuit. The

Studies looking at coronary collateral circulation in humans are typically more controversial. Skeptics have stated that collateral development is probably due to the progression of coronary artery disease rather than an effect of exercise training. In addition, direct measurement of collateral growth, typically through coronary angiographic techniques, is difficult and may have severe limitations due to low levels of resolution of vessels (Heaps et al., 2011). Small vessels involved in the coronary collateral system (<100μm) are incredibly difficult to view angiographically, so the full magnitude of collateralization may not be assessed or may be drastically underestimated (Heaps et al., 2011; Belardinelli et al., 1998).

Many of the adverse effects of T2DM-incuded remodeling are structural, for example VSMC growth and ECM accumulation, which can cause increased wall thickness and decreased lumen diameter. Vascular remodeling has been well documented in the macrovasculature of T2DM (athero ref). Additionally, clinical studies in T2DM patients and T2DM animal models have shown increased wall thickness, increased VSMC growth, and decreased internal diameter of subcutaneous arteries and coronary arterioles, respectively (dis 67, trask Ossabaw, katz). To date the mechanisms that dictate coronary arteriole remodeling are not completely

Case 2 is in regards to Maria a 68-year-old sedentary woman who is obese, with poor activity tolerance. She also complains of cold hands and feet, is hypertensive, with bilateral lower legs being edematous, and an echocardiogram demonstrating myocardial enlargement (Unit 1, n.d.). Further diagnostic work-up will be needed to determine the extent of Maria’s disease process; however, there are some basic premises that may be deduced from what has been presented so far with this case. Several concerning factors that have resulted in Maria’s symptoms are her obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension, and myocardial enlargement. Obesity is associated with numerous chronic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea, and coronary atherosclerosis (Leopold, 2015). Hypertension along with the obesity has probably led to the myocardial enlargement.

Coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, is a dysfunction of the cardiovascular system in which the heart muscle is damaged as a result of a blocked coronary artery (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.233). This condition includes both partial, temporary cardiac ischemia, or angina pectoris, and total obstruction of a coronary artery, also referred to as myocardial infarction or heart attack (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.233, 239-241). Occlusion of the arteries of the heart results in inadequate oxygenation of the myocardium and eventual irreversible damage and cell death. Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of coronary heart disease, starts with an injury and progresses to damaged endothelial cells within an artery. The damage can be caused by smoking, hypertension, toxins, among other factors. The injury and damage causes inflammation and accumulation of white blood cells and lipids in the inner lining of the artery (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.234-235). As time goes on, plaque forms and inflammation continues prompting platelets to stick to the walls of the artery, and eventually causes obstruction of the vessel. (VanMeter & Hubert, 2014, p.235).

The human body main organ is the heart which is the cardiovascular system, this include different types of blood vessels. There are some most important vessels in the body that are called coronary arteries. This takes the blood rich oxygen, to every location in the person body. When the arteries become blocked by buildup this can cause blood flow to decrease. There are several factors that may cause a heart attack. Bad cholesterol is also one of the leading cause of blockage. Cholesterol is a colorless substance that is food on the food we eat and as for the produced naturally in the body. Not all cholesterol is bad, but LDL cholesterol can stick to the walls of the arteries and produces plaque. Plaque is a hard matter that blocks the blood flow to the arteries. When blood platelets function this can help blood to clot, and this may stick to the plaque and build as time goes by.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls of the coronary arteries that supply the myocardium with oxygen and nutrients. While the symptoms and signs of (CAD) are noted in the advanced state of disease, most individuals with (CAD) show no evidence of disease for decades as the disease progress before the first onset of symptoms, often a “Sudden” heart attack, After decades of progression, some of these atheromatous plaques may rupture (along with the activation of the blood clotting system) limiting blood flow to the heart muscle.

In the department of Cardiology coronary artery disease is a major disease in the world. Coronary artery disease is the damages of the hearts major blood vessel for fat deposits. (2017, April 26) Plaque restricts the blood flow to the heart, which in the end progresses to a myocardial infraction also know as a heart attack, which is another major condition in the department of cardiology. When a patient is suffering from CAD, they may experience angina (chest pain) in the thoracic region that could circulate to their arms and neck. Arrhythmia can also occur, whether or not if it’s fast or slow paced. A patients pulse could also change depending on what is going on with the patient at the time. When a patient has CAD (coronary artery disease), there are a few procedures that are required from them on a monthly to yearly bases. Cardiac Catherization is one which is a procedure performed by passing a catheter into the blood vessel to see if there is any blockage in the arteries. (2017)

There are many things that men and women that obtain differently. There is a disease that is the top death rate (Krucik, 2014). That many more women get than men. Coronary Artery Disease is the disease that is more common in women than men. Coronary Artery Disease, but it is also known as Coronary Artery Disease and Ischemic Heart Disease, is when the arteries that supplies blood to the heart muscles become hardened and narrowed. It is caused by the buildup of cholesterol and plaque on the inner walls and it also can because of smoking and aging.

Coronary artery disease (CAD), or heart disease, is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. CAD is usually caused by the development of atherosclerosis, the condition in which plaques made up of cholesterol-containing deposits build up in the arteries. When plaque buildup narrows or blocks the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle, there is a decrease in blood flow, oxygen and nutrients to the heart. This decreased blood flow can cause angina pectoris or chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack. CAD weakens the heart muscle and leads to heart failure, in which the heart cannot pump enough blood the way it should to satisfy the body’s demands, or cardiac arrhythmias, in which the heartbeat is irregular.

A detailed medical history was taken about other systemic and/ or CVD. Macrovascular disease was defined as a history of MI, presence of angina, revascularization procedures or stenosis >50% of the coronary artery, a history of cerebrovascular diseases or PAD based on a previous L.L Doppler U/S examination [13]. DM was defined according to American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria [14]. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive

Coronary artery diseases (CAD) as a kind of cardiovascular diseases are considered to be the major causes of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetic patients (Buse JB et al, 2007) (Stolar MW & Chilton RJ, 2003).

Cardiovascular diseases are the number one factor that can erupt from obesity due to the main causes that it brings, like high blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol to a high count while lowering HDL. LDL is the “bad cholesterol”, and HDL is the “good cholesterol”. We need fats in our body for energy or ATP, in our body. If we get more LDL, it can really be a dangerous case, and