CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter discussed about types of study used in this research. Other than that, the population and sample have been selected in this study is public listed companies under PN17 category by Bursa Malaysia. The data will be collected through a secondary data which is the annual reports of the companies. Meanwhile, the measurement of variable also has been discussed in this research. Besides, the statistical analysis consists of four types of test which are descriptive analysis, reliability test, normality test and correlation analysis. Finally, this chapter concludes by summary of the chapter. 3.1 Type of study This study uses correlation analysis and descriptive analysis, but the main type of test that are used in this study are correlation analysis. 3.1.1 Correlation Analysis The correlation analysis are a process to examine whether there are relationship or not between dependant and independent variables (Higgins, 2005). The Pearson Correlation measures the linear association between two metric variables. The number representing the Pearson correlation is referred to as a correlation coefficient. It ranges from -1.00 to +1.00, with zero representing absolutely no association between two metric variables. While -1.00 or +1.00 is possible and represents a perfect association between two variables, it very seldom occurs. The larger the correlation coefficient, the stronger the linkage or level of association. Correlation
correlation, (c) small positive linear correlation, (d) large but not perfect negative linear correlation, (e) no correlation, (f) clear curvilinear correlation.
It helps clarify relationsips between variables that cannot be examined by other methods and allows prediction
However, a correlation between two variables does not necessarily imply causation but for a causal relationship to exist between two variables there must be a correlation between the variables (Solomon W. Golomb, 2005). When predicting the Grade Point Averages, correlation might not be a good test for its prediction. This is because there is no GPA is not only influenced by intelligent quotient but it is also influenced by other external factors like Education background, family background, social and political environment among other factors. Other statistical tests may include the use of rating scales to rate qualities that cannot be directly rated through correlation by use of variables like good, fair, and excellent among others. Coefficient of correlation might also be used as a technique of predicting the Grade Point Averages. This refers to the main result of a correlation whereby it predicts significant and smaller changes among variables by use of scale r that ranges from +1.0 to -1.0.
Answer: A positive correlation means that increases in the value of one variable are associated
The textbook define the correlation coefficient as "a measure that is designed to indicate the strength of the relationship between two variables" (UBC Real Estate Division, 2009). The textbook also states "the correlation coefficient may be positive, negative, or zero" (UBC Real Estate Division, 2009). A strong relationship implies that there is a relationship between the two variables and "as one variable increases (decreases), the other the variable will increase (decrease)" (Estate Division, 2009). A strong relationship would have a correlation coefficient value of +1 or -1.
"A correlation is a statistical to determine the tendency or pattern for two (or more) variables or two sets of data to very consistently" (Creswell, (2012). any
Since the maximum value of the predictor variable (calls) is used to formulate the given regression model is 201.00, which is less than 300, we cannot use the given regression model to accurately estimate the weekly sales for weekly call of 300. So we can’t say anything about the weekly sales when weekly calls are 300.
a.) The correlation coefficient for this data set is 0.4669 or 46.69% which shows that this weak but positive correlation indicates that as the years from 1960 increase, the average number of home runs increase at a constant rate.
An example of a positive correlation is the use of manners and age. The use will increase as age does. They both increase in a consistent way.
Correlational analysis were used to explore the relationships between the studies key variables, the results are indicated below (Table 2).
Research shows that there is a correlation that shows the relationshop between the IQ and the grade point average of students. It was found that the correlation is strong at a .75 because it’s a direct relationship. For instance when someone has a higher IQ they are more likely going to have a higher GPA. However although the correlation shows a higher IQ means higher GPA does not mean that is the only reason the GPA is rising, it could be because they hired a tutor, have been studying more or are maybe just in more interesting classes. In correlation studies they show that there is a relationship between two different variables however it is not evidence or proof in any way. The reason it isn’t proof is because it has not been proven that they are directly the reason for the relationship however that they do have common results. Some of the reasons correlation cannot prove anything is because of the limitations; these would be the lack of information about the correlation, sample size or the standard deviation. In our text it states “If the word correlation is broken down co-relation it is expresses what is meant: The characteristics are related and the evidence for the relationship is that they vary together, or co-vary. As the level of one variable changes, the other changes in concert, this happens because both variables contain some of the same information. The higher the correlation the more they may have in common” (Tanner,2011).
This study will use quantitative methods of research. The major advantage of using quantitative research design is that it is an exceptional method for making conclusions and agreeing or disagreeing to any
The objective of this chapter is to describe the procedures used in the analysis of the data and present the main findings. It also presents the different tests performed to help choose the appropriate model for the study. The chapter concludes by providing thorough statistical interpretation of the findings.
(B) Research type based on methodology: The authors mentioned the types of research that falls under this typology, which they said are; (i) quantitative vs. qualitative (ii) experimental vs. non-experimental (iii) historical and descriptive research.